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Course Question & AnswerHuman Physiology Lab
Purpose of Course showclose
This lab course supplements BIO304: Human Physiology. Although we cannot virtually replicate the lab experience, this “lab” will familiarize you with scientific thinking and techniques and will enable you to explore of some key principles of human physiology.
The material in this lab supplement relates to the material covered in the lecture and reading portion of the course. While the lecture and reading portion focuses on big-picture concepts, here we will focus more on visual understanding, manipulation, and practical use of your knowledge. You will review the physiology of the organ systems by using images of models, experiments, and videos. Then you will be asked to assess your knowledge, which eventually can be put to practical or experimental use.
Co-requisite: BIO304: Human Physiology.
Unit Outline show close
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Unit 1: Introduction to Scientific Investigation
This unit focuses on applied methods for scientific inquiry. You will learn how to make observations and predictions, formulate hypotheses, design experiments, and obtain and present data. This unit will also assist you in identifying dependent and independent variables in a hypothesis.
Unit 1 Time Advisory show close
- Reading: Kean University: “Application of the Scientific Method” and Pennsylvania University: “Scientific Investigation”
Link: Kean University: “Application of the Scientific Method” (HTML) and Pennsylvania University: “Scientific Investigation” (HTML)
Instructions: For the first link, please read the section “Introduction to the Scientific Method.” For the second link, please read the “Overview” and “The Question” through “The Scientific Paper.” These materials explain how to design a scientific experiment and define terms such as “hypothesis,” “control experiments,” and “dependent” and “independent” variables. The readings will also teach you about the main elements involved in scientific writing, including abstracts, introductions, methods, results, and conclusions.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Activity: Kean University: “Application of the Scientific Method”
Link: Kean University: “Application of the Scientific Method”
Instructions: Please review this document and answer the questions based on the experiment presented under the “Goldfish” and “Temperature Effects.” This exercise will also demonstrate which type of graph you should choose when presenting your data.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: YouTube: potholer54: “The Scientific Method Made Easy”
Link: YouTube: potholer54: “The Scientific Method Made Easy” (Youtube)
Instructions: Please watch this video clip (about 9 minutes) to review various methods of scientific inquiry.
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- Reading: Kean University: “Application of the Scientific Method” and Pennsylvania University: “Scientific Investigation”
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Unit 2: Enzyme
This section will review the role of enzymes in catalyzing chemical reactions in our bodies. In this lab, you will learn about the factors that modify enzyme activity. Using a turnip extract containing the enzyme peroxidase, we will demonstrate the effects that modulators—such as temperature, pH, and inhibitors—have on this enzyme.
Unit 2 Time Advisory show close
- Web Media: YouTube: brightstorm’s “Enzymes”
Link: YouTube: brightstorm’s “Enzymes" (YouTube)
Instructions: Please watch this video clip (about 4 minutes) for an overview of the enzymatic reactions and the factors that affect these reactions.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: YouTube: WPI: “Enzyme Activity Using a Turnip” and MissyClever: “Enzyme Lab: Temperature” and “Enzyme Activity: pH”
Links: WPI: “Enzyme Activity Using a Turnip” (YouTube) and MissyClever: “Enzyme Lab: Temperature” (YouTube) and “Enzyme Activity: pH” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please review these three video clips (about 10 minutes in total) to watch the step-by-step procedure of this experiment, including how to prepare the turnip extract and how to measure the effects of different temperatures and pH levels on the enzyme activity. You will find the experiment’s objectives and procedures in the next resource box.
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- Activity: Purdue University: “Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity”
Link: Purdue University: “Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity” (PDF)
Instructions: Please review this activity to learn about the objectives and the procedures of the experiment you watched above. Then, based on your knowledge of the enzymes and their modified activity by modulators, please record what results you would expect when conducting the temperature, pH, and inhibitor experiments.
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- Activity: University of Illinois, Chicago: BIOS100 Lab: “Determination of the Properties of the Enzyme Turnip Peroxidase”
Link: University of Illinois, Chicago: BIOS100 Lab: “Determination of the Properties of the Enzyme Turnip Peroxidase” (HTML)
Instructions: Please use this resource to check your results from the “Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity” exercise.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: YouTube: brightstorm’s “Enzymes”
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Unit 3: Electroencephalography (EEG)
In this section, you will learn about measuring the brain’s electrical activity, a process called electroencephalography, or EEG. This lab reviews the different types of brain waves using specific software called Biopac. You will learn all about Biopac, including how to attach the electrodes to a subject’s head and how to record and interpret data.
Unit 3 Time Advisory show close
- Web Media: LifeSyrup.com's “How the Body Works an EEG: Brain Waves”
Link: LifeSyrup.com's “How the Body Works an EEG: Brain Waves” (Youtube)
Instructions: Please watch this short video (about 50 seconds) for an overview of some different types of brain waves.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Assessment: McGill University: Physiology Virtual Lab: “EEG: Introduction” and Biopac Science Lab: “EEG”
Links: McGill University: Physiology Virtual Lab: “EEG: Introduction” (HTML) and Biopac Science Lab: “EEG” (PDF)
Instructions: Please first read “EEG: Introduction” for an overview of EEG and brain waves. Then read the second link, “EEG,” to learn how to record EEG activity. To open the PDF, click on the second link called “BioPAC Teachers_Guide.pdf.” Pages 3 through 5 of this second link describe the electrodes and their placement; pages 12 through 13 explain the objectives and experimental procedures; and pages 50 through 53 walk you through the experiment itself and the data collection (this final section also includes an Answer Guide).
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- Web Media: LifeSyrup.com's “How the Body Works an EEG: Brain Waves”
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Unit 4: Electromyography (EMG)
In this section, you will learn about electromyography (EMG)—the process by which the electrical activity of muscle is measured—using specific software called Biopac. You will learn all about how to use Biopac, including how to attach the electrodes to muscles and how to record and interpret data.
Unit 4 Time Advisory show close
- Assessment: Bluegrass Community & Technical College: “Biopac: Electromyography Lab” and “Biopac Electromyography Worksheet” and Biopac Science Lab: “EMG”
Links: Bluegrass Community & Technical College: “Biopac: Electromyography Lab” (PDF) and “Biopac Electromyography Worksheet” (PDF) and Biopac Science Lab: “EMG” (PDF)
Instructions: To open the first link, click on the link that says “BioPacInstructions.pdf.” Review this link to learn about EMG procedure and set-up. To open the second PDF, click on the link that says “BiopacWorksheet.pdf.” to estimate results and answer the questions presented in the lab. In the last link, to open the PDF, click on the second link called “BioPAC Teachers_Guide.pdf.” Read pages 8 through 9 for an introduction to Biopac’s tools and information on how electrodes are attached. Lastly, check the answers and estimated data results you provided in “Biopac Electromyography Worksheet” against the Answer Guide on pages 42 through 45.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: YouTube: BackpackBiology: “EMG BioPac Demo Spring 2011 Part I,” “EMG BioPac Demo Spring 2011 Part I (Review),” and “EMG and Dynamometer BioPac Demo Spring 2011 Part II”
Links: YouTube: BackpackBiology: “EMG BioPac Demo Spring 2011 Part I,” (YouTube) “EMG BioPac Demo Spring 2011 Part I (Review),” (YouTube) and “EMG and Dynamometer BioPac Demo Spring 2011 Part II” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please watch these short videos (about 15 minutes in total) to visualize the tools and electrodes used in recording EMG activity. These videos demonstrate how to attach the electrodes, run relevant software, and collect data.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Assessment: Bluegrass Community & Technical College: “Biopac: Electromyography Lab” and “Biopac Electromyography Worksheet” and Biopac Science Lab: “EMG”
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Unit 5: Patellar and Plantar Reflexes
This lab demonstrates how a patellar reflex (knee jerk or tendon reflex) and a plantar reflex are tested. You will learn about the muscles and nerves involved in these reflexes and how the presence or absence of these reflexes may indicate a neurological problem.
Unit 5 Time Advisory show close
- Web Media: YouTube: HAPProf: “The Tendon Reflex,” jjarse2: I”nfant Reflexes,” exintor8888: “Babinski reflex positive,” and Beneslachto: “Patellarreflex” and “Babinski Reflex”
Links: YouTube: HAPProf: “The Tendon Reflex,” (YouTube) jjarse2: “Infant Reflexes,” (YouTube) exintor8888: “Babinski reflex positive,” (YouTube) and Beneslachto: “Patellarreflex” (YouTube) and “Babinski Reflex” (YouTube)
Instructions: “The Tendon Reflex” (about 6 minutes) provides background information on the patellar reflex, including the muscles and nerves involved in the movement. The second video, “Infant Reflexes” (about 4.5 minutes), shows the reflexes that are supposed to be present in a healthy infant, including the Babinski reflex. “Babinski reflex positive” (5 seconds) demonstrates a Babinski reflex in an adult that indicates a neurological problem. “Pattellarreflex” (about 1.5 minutes) demonstrates how to perform the patellar reflex test, and “Babinski Reflex” (about 2 minutes) demonstrates how to perform the plantar reflex test.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Activity: Austin Community College: “Human Reflexes”
Links: Austin Community College: “Human Reflexes” (Microsoft Word)
Instructions: For the first link, scroll to the bottom of the webpage and click on Lab4 (Reflexes). Please read through the introduction and objectives and then perform activities 1 (“The Pateller Tendon Reflex”) and 3 (The Plantar Reflex).
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: YouTube: HAPProf: “The Tendon Reflex,” jjarse2: I”nfant Reflexes,” exintor8888: “Babinski reflex positive,” and Beneslachto: “Patellarreflex” and “Babinski Reflex”
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Unit 6: Electrocardiography (ECG)
This section reviews electrocardiography, or ECG, which is the process by which the heart’s electrical activity is measured using Biopac, the software you learned about earlier in this course.
Unit 6 Time Advisory show close
- Web Media: Youtube: ismailalvi: “ECG Animation – Electrical Changes in the Heart”
Link: YouTube: ismailalvi: “ECG Animation – Electrical Changes in the Heart” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please watch this short animation (about 26 seconds) to review the basics of electrocardiography.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Assessment: McGill University: McGill Virtual Lab: “ECG,” and Biopac Science Lab: “ECG”
Link: McGill University: McGill Virtual Lab: “Introduction,” (HTML), and Biopac Science Lab: “ECG” (PDF)
Instructions: In the first link, “Introduction,” please read through the page and then roll your mouse over “Electrocardiogram” in the upper left-hand side menu. From there, please read “Setup,” “Electrocardiogram Basics,” and “Electrocardiogram Experiments.” This material reviews the basics of ECG, the setup of the tools, and the recording and interpretation of ECG activity. In the last link, to open the PDF, click on the second link called “BioPAC Teachers_Guide.pdf.” Please review “Biopac Science Lab: ECG,” for an introduction to the tools and information on how electrodes are attached (pages 6, 10, and 11), and then check your estimated data and the answers to the questions posed in the prior two links against the Answer Guide (pages 46 through 49).
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- Web Media: Youtube: ismailalvi: “ECG Animation – Electrical Changes in the Heart”
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Unit 7: Blood Pressure and Heart Rate
This lab introduces blood pressure and blood pressure measurement. You will learn how to measure heart rate, and you will practice the procedure yourself.
Unit 7 Time Advisory show close
- Web Media: YouTube: genedinc: “Blood Pressure Measurement,” “Expertvillage: How to Take Blood Pressure,” and BeYourTrainer: “Measurement, Heart Rate (Pulse)”
Link: YouTube: genedinc: “Blood Pressure Measurement,” (YouTube) Expertvillage: “How to Take Blood Pressure” (YouTube) and BeYourTrainer: “Measurement, Heart Rate (Pulse)” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please watch these videos (about 3 minutes altogether) to learn how to measure blood pressure and heart rate. While watching the videos, please make sure that you practice the procedure by measuring your own heart rate both while resting and after exercising. If you can locate a sphygmomanometer, please practice measuring blood pressure on another person both while he or she rests and immediately after he or she exercises.
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- Web Media: YouTube: genedinc: “Blood Pressure Measurement,” “Expertvillage: How to Take Blood Pressure,” and BeYourTrainer: “Measurement, Heart Rate (Pulse)”
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Unit 8: Blood Type Analysis
This section reviews the four blood types—A, B, O, and AB—and blood type analysis, the procedure that analyzes blood to determine blood type.
Unit 8 Time Advisory show close
- Web Media: amritavlab: “Blood Grouping Experiment”
Link: amritavlab: “Blood Grouping Experiment” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please watch this short video (about 2.5 minutes) to learn about the different blood types and blood type analysis.
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- Activity: Evergreen State College: “Blood Type and Blood Stain Analysis” and myaandp.com: “Blood Typing”
Links: Evergreen State College: “Blood Type and Blood Stain Analysis” (Microsoft Word) and myaandp.com: “Blood Typing” (PDF)
Instructions: To open the first file, scroll down to Fall Quarter Assignment, under From the Laboratory, click on “Blood Analysis.” Please read pages 6 through 8 from the first link to learn about blood types and blood type analysis. Then, for the second link, simply click on on “View PDF” and review the the PDF file to learn about the procedure used to perform blood type analysis.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.The Saylor Foundation does not yet have materials for this portion of the course. If you are interested in contributing your content to fill this gap or aware of a resource that could be used here, please submit it here.
- Web Media: amritavlab: “Blood Grouping Experiment”
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Unit 9: Respiratory Physiology
This lab reviews the definitions of “tidal volume,” “inspiratory” and “expiratory” reserve volume, and “vital volume.” This unit also explains how to measure these volumes using a spirometer and presents various respiratory diseases and their effects on lung capacity.
Unit 9 Time Advisory show close
- Activity: Bluegrass Community and Technical College: Biology Lab 7: “Human Respiratory Lab”
Links: Bluegrass Community and Technical College: Biology Lab 7: “Human Respiratory Lab” (PDF)
Instructions: Please review pages 66 through 68, to learn about the objectives of the ventilation experiment. Then read pages 74 through 81 to learn about the tools and procedures involved in this analysis, and, lastly, fill out the worksheet based on the estimated data learned in the Web Media presented below.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: YouTube: freshwater1: “Spirometry,” cougaracing58: “Lung Capacity Spirogram,” and Stanford University: Virtual Labs: “Respiratory”
Link: YouTube: freshwater1: “Spirometry,” (YouTube) cougaracing58: “Lung Capacity Spirogram,” (YouTube) and Stanford University: Virtual Labs: “Respiratory” (Shockwave)
Instructions: Please watch the first video (about 5 minutes) to see images of a spirometer and learn about the process of spirometry. The second video clip, “Lung Capactiy Spirogram” (about 2 minutes), reviews the volumes produced by the ventilation process. Lastly, please click the third link and choose the “Respiratory” Module and work through the sections starting with “Spirometry” and ending with “Diseases”. These pages are interactive; please check your estimated answers. Through practice, you can observe how lung capacities change once conditions are changed.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Activity: Bluegrass Community and Technical College: Biology Lab 7: “Human Respiratory Lab”
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Unit 10: Urinary Physiology
This lab reviews the chemical (e.g. glucose and protein levels) and physical (e.g. color and pH level) characteristics of urine and identifies potential abnormalities. You will learn how to perform urinalysis, a clinical diagnostic tool used to analyze urine. This lab explains how you should read and interpret the results of the multistix/urine strip as part of the urinalysis procedure.
Unit 10 Time Advisory show close
- Web Media: Youtube: gforneris: “Introduction to Urinalysis,” hennagerdj: “Urinalysis Part 1,” and VetLogicVideo: “Urine Test Strip”
Link: YouTube: gforneris: “Introduction to Urinalysis,” (YouTube) hennagerdj: “Urinalysis Part 1,” (YouTube) and VetLogicVideo:“Urine Test Strip” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please watch the first video clip (about 5 minutes) to learn about urinalysis. This video reviews the physical and chemical characteristics of urine as well as abnormalities diagnosed by this test. “Urinalsysi Part 1” (about 10 minutes) explains how urinalysis test results can be obtained by observing the colors of the urine strip. The third video (about 40 seconds) demonstrates an actual test using urine and a strip.
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- Activity: Irwing Crowley: Clinical Laboratory Science: “Urinalysis”
Link: Irwing Crowley: Clinical Laboratory Science: “Urinalysis” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read through this page (excluding the “Microscopic Exam” section) to learn about the procedures, methodologies, and interpretations of urinalysis. You will learn to test for various chemical and physical characteristics of urine using Multistix. This activity also explains how to interpret results to form clinical diagnoses.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: Youtube: gforneris: “Introduction to Urinalysis,” hennagerdj: “Urinalysis Part 1,” and VetLogicVideo: “Urine Test Strip”
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Unit 11: Digestion
This section reviews laboratory tests demonstrating the digestion processes of carbohydrates (starch, glucose, sucrose), proteins (e.g. egg whites), and lipids (e.g. vegetable oil). You will also learn about the roles that the digestive enzymes and the pH play in these processes.
Unit 11 Time Advisory show close
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11.1 Digestion: Overview
- Web Media: BozemanBiology: Paul Andersen's "The Digestive System"
Link: BozemanBiology: Paul Andersen's "The Digestive System" (YouTube)
Instructions: Please watch this video to learn about the digestive process and the enzymes involved.
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See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: BozemanBiology: Paul Andersen's "The Digestive System"
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11.2 Digestion: Carbohydrates – Starch, Glucose, Sucrose
- Web Media: YouTube: annemifamile: “GCSE Biology Practical Investigation Amylase Starch” and hartonline: “Benedict Test for Reducing Sugars” and “Benedict Test for Non-Reducing Sugars”
Links: YouTube: sam2064: “GCSE Biology Practical Investigation Amylase Starch,” (YouTube) and hartonline: “Benedict Test for Reducing Sugars” (YouTube) and “Benedict Test for Non-Reducing Sugars” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please watch the first video (about 3.5 minutes) to learn about the digestion of starch using iodine and amylase. The second video (about 1.5 minutes) demonstrates the Benedict test used to test for glucose, and the third video clip (2.50 minutes) presents a test for sucrose in the presence of HCl or NaOH and Benedict’s reagent.
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- Activity: The Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation: “The Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity—Salivary Amylase and Starch Digestion” and The University of Manitoba: Biochemistry: The Molecules of Life: “Carbohydrates”
Links: The Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation: “The Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity—Salivary Amylase and Starch Digestion” (HTML) and hartONline’s “Starch Test” (YouTube)
Instructions: Via the first link, please read through the experiment to learn about the effect of pH on amylase and the procedure applied to test for starch. In the second link, work through exercises 1, 2, and 3 for an introduction to Benedict’s and Iodine reagents, including the colors they produce in presence of glucose, sucrose, and starch.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: YouTube: annemifamile: “GCSE Biology Practical Investigation Amylase Starch” and hartonline: “Benedict Test for Reducing Sugars” and “Benedict Test for Non-Reducing Sugars”
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11.3 Digestion: Protein
- Web Media: YouTube: JoseSantana123123: “Biuret and Protein Test”
Link: YouTube: JoseSantana123123: “Biuret and Protein Test” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please watch the video (about 1.5 minutes) for a demonstration of a Biuret test, a procedure which tests for proteins.
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- Assessment: Biology.resources.com: Experiment Enzymes: “Experiment 10: The Effect of Pepsin on Egg White Suspension”
Link: Biology.resources.com: Experiment Enzymes: “Experiment 10: The Effect of Pepsin on Egg White Suspension” (Microsoft Word)
Instructions: To open the document, click on the tenth lab under “Enzymes.” Please read through the experiment and answer the questions based on the information from this experiment and the “Biuret and Protein Test” video clip. Then check your answers by scrolling down to the last page.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: YouTube: JoseSantana123123: “Biuret and Protein Test”
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11.4 Digestion: Lipids
- Web Media: YouTube: dlwestphallen: “Fat Test”
Link: YouTube: dlwestphallen: “Fat Test” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please watch the video (about 2 minutes) to observe how alcohol and water can test for the presence of fats.
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- Web Media: YouTube: dlwestphallen: “Fat Test”
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Unit 12: Reproduction
Using sea urchins, the lab in this unit demonstrates the release of egg and sperm cells following an injection of KCL. You will also learn about the process of fertilization: using a microscope, you will observe how only one sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell.
Unit 12 Time Advisory show close
- Web Media: YouTube: ljin76: “Sea Urchin Fertilization,” amesberto: “In Vitro Fertilization,” joogla: “Sea Urchin Egg Extraction,” and mleguia: “Sea Urchin Fertilization”
Link: YouTube: ljin76: “Sea Urchin Fertilization,” (YouTube) amesberto: “In Vitro Fertilization,” (YouTube) joogla: “Sea Urchin Egg Extraction,” (YouTube) and mleguia: “Sea Urchin Fertilization” (YouTube)
Instructions: The first video clip (about 2 minutes) reviews sea urchin fertilization. The second clip (1 minute) briefly overviews a sea urchin experiment involving the extraction of sperm and egg cells and fertilization. “Sea Urchin Egg Extraction” (about 6 minutes) demonstrates how to inject KCL into a sea urchin in order to promote the release of eggs. The last video (10 seconds) depicts how sperm “attack” and consequently fertilize an egg.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Activity: Stanford University: “Sea Urchin Embryology”
Link: Stanford University: “Sea Urchin Embryology” (HTML)
Instructions: Please review this lab to learn about the extraction of egg and sperm cells from sea urchins using KCL injections. You will also learn about egg fertilization using a sperm suspension and a microscope. The microscopic image, which depicts the fertilization of an egg by a sperm cell, is a still from the “Sea Urchin Fertilization” short video linked above.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: YouTube: ljin76: “Sea Urchin Fertilization,” amesberto: “In Vitro Fertilization,” joogla: “Sea Urchin Egg Extraction,” and mleguia: “Sea Urchin Fertilization”
