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Readings

• 1.1 Reading: Wikibook’s General Biology “Introduction to Evolution”

  Link: Wikibook’s General Biology “Introduction to Evolution” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: In this reading you will find a definition of evolution, evidence of evolution, and a discussion of the rates of speciation.
   
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• 1.1.1 Reading: Berkeley’s Evolution 101’s “Artificial Selection”

  Berkeley’s Evolution 101’s “Artificial Selection” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: The webpage defines artificial selection and presents a brief historical perspective on the subject.
   
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• 1.1.4 Reading: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute: West-Eberhard’s “The Maintenance of Sex as a Developmental Trap Due to Sexual Selection”

  Link: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute: West-Eberhard’s “The Maintenance of Sex as a Developmental Trap Due to Sexual Selection” (PDF)
   
  Instructions: Download the PDF titled “Mary Jane West-Eberhard.  2005. The maintenance of sex as a developmental trap due to sexual selection.  Quarterly Review of Biology 80(1):47–53.”  Read the article and take notes.
   
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• 1.2 Reading: Oracle Education Foundation’s “Microevolution Introduction”

  Link: Oracle Education Foundation’s “Microevolution Introduction” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: This material is an introduction to the different microevolutionary forces that influence a population.
   
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• 1.2.1 Reading: Kimball’s Biology Pages’ “Mutation and Evolution”

  Link: Kimball’s Biology Pages’ “Mutation and Evolution” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read the material on the web page for a good introduction to mutations.
   
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• 1.2.1.1 Reading: Biology Online’s “Types of Mutations”

  Link: Biology Online’s “Types of Mutations” (HTML)
             
   Instructions: Read pages 7 & 8 about the different types of chromosomal and genetic mutations.
   
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• 1.2.3 Reading: Mark Ridley’s Evolution “Assortative Mating”

  Link: Mark Ridley’s Evolution“Assortative Mating” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: This reading provides a brief definition of both positive and negative assortative mating and their influence on genotypic frequencies.
   
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• 1.2.4 Reading: University of Arizona: The Biology Project’s “Genetic Drift”

  Link: University of Arizona: The Biology Project’s “Genetic Drift” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read this page on the role of genetic drift in populations. If you are really ambitious, go on to try the genetic drift simulator that follows!
   
  Terms of Use: The linked material above is from The Biology Project, developed at The University of Arizona. Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on their site.

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• 1.2.5 Reading: Berkeley’s Evolution 101’s “Bottlenecks and Founder Effects”

  Link: Berkeley’s Evolution 101’s “Bottlenecks and Founder Effects” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read this page to learn about population bottlenecks and founder effects. 
   
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• 1.2.6 Reading: wiseGeeks: What is the Founder Effect? “The Founder Effect”

  Link: from wiseGeeks: What is the Founder Effect? “The Founder Effect” (HTML)
                         
  Instructions: This short reading introduces the founder effect and along with a couple of examples.
   
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• 1.3 Reading: Berkeley’s Evolution101’s “Evolution at Different Scales: Micro to Macro”

  Link: Berkeley’s Evolution101’s “Evolution at Different Scales: Micro to Macro” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read from “Evolution at Different Scales: Micro to Macro” through “Patterns in Macroevolution,” using the “next” button at the bottom right of the page, and take notes.   
   
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• 1.3.1 Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Speciation and Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms”

  Link: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Speciation and Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read the sections titled Speciation through the section labeled Punctuated Equilibrium.
   
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• 1.3.1.1 Reading: TutorVista’s “Geographic Isolation”

  Link: TutorVista’s “Geographic Isolation” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: When you get to the page, scroll part way down the page to find the reading “Introduction to Geographic Isolation.”
   
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• 1.3.1.2 Reading: University of California-Berkeley: Understand Evolution “Reproductive Isolation”

  Link: University of California-Berkeley: Understand Evolution “Reproductive Isolation” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: The website provides some ways that reproductive isolation can lead to speciation.
   
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• 1.3.1.3 Reading: Harvard University: Professor John Kimball’s Biology page “Polyploidy”

  Link: Harvard University: Professor John Kimball’s Biology page “Polyploidy” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: This webpage defines polyploidy and how it can occur with an emphasis on plants.
   
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• 1.3.2 Reading: Stanford University: Stanford Bird Group’s “Hybridization”

  Link: Stanford University: Stanford Bird Group’s “Hybridization” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: The reading is a discussion of hybridization as it applies to several species of birds.
   
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• 1.4.1 Reading: Brown University: “Coevolution”

  Link: Brown University: “Coevolution” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: This is a general web page about coevolution but includes an example of how competition relates to coevolution.
   
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• 1.4.2 Reading: Harvey Mudd College: Richard McKnight’s “The Tangled Bank”

  Link: Harvey Mudd College:  Richard McKnight’s “The Tangled Bank” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: The reading is a description of the Tangled Bank Hypothesis.
   
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• 1.4.3 Reading: Indiana University, Department of Biology: C.M. Wiley “Red Queen”

  Link: Indiana University, Department of Biology: C.M. Wiley “Red Queen” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: This reading presents the origin of the Red Queen hypothesis and a description of the theory.
   
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• 1.4.4 Reading: National Academy of Sciences of the United States: C Bergstrom & M Lachmann (2003) “The Red King: When the slowest wins the coevolutionary arms race”

  Link: National Academy of Sciences of the United States: C Bergstrom & M Lachmann (2003) “The Red King: When the slowest wins the coevolutionary arms race” (HTML)
   
  Also available in:
  PDF
   
  Instructions: Scroll down the page until you find the link for the PDF of the publication. Read this paper as an example of how evolutionary game theory can be applied to study coevolution.
   
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• 2.1 Reading: MIT’s Open Courseware “Population Genetics: Hardy-Weinberg”

  Link: MIT’s Open Courseware “Population Genetics: Hardy-Weinberg” (PDF)
   
  Instructions: At the course page, download and read the PDF file for item 25, Population Genetics: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The reading covers sections 2.1.1-2.1.2 along with evolutionary forces associated with changes in allele frequencies.
   
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• 2.2 Reading: University of Texas-Kingsville: Professor Beals and Harell: “Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium”

  Link: University of Texas-Kingsville: Professor Beals and Harell: “Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: This example will help you predict allele and genotypic frequencies in a population. Covers 2.2.1-2.2.3. Click the Chi Square link to help you understand how the chi square test can be used to determine when evolution is occurring.
   
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• 2.2.3.2 Reading: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Samir Okasha: “Population-Genetic Models of Evolution”

  Link: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:  Samir Okasha: “Population-Genetic Models of Evolution” (HTML)
   
  Instructions:  As you read this article, take note of the different factors that can affect allele frequency, and the equations you can use to test for the presence of evolution in a population for each factor.  Keep in mind when you are looking for evolutionary change in a population that it may not be present at every (or any) locus you test.  Some loci may show change while others do not.
   
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• 3.1 Reading: Cornell University: David Easley and Jon Kleinberg’s Networks, Crowds, and Markets: “Games”

  Link: Cornell University: David Easley and Jon Kleinberg “Networks, Crowds, and Markets: “Games” (PDF)
   
  Instructions: This reading is from the book Networks, Crowds, and Markets: Reasoning about a Highly Connected World.  Scroll down the page and click on the link for Chapter 6: Games and view the PDF.
   
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• 3.1 Reading: Cornell University: David Easley and Jon Kleinberg’s Networks, Crowds, and Markets: “Evolutionary Game Theory”

   Link: Cornell University: David Easley and Jon Kleinberg “Networks, Crowds, and Markets: “Evolutionary Game Theory” (PDF)
   
  Instructions: From the book Networks, Crowds, and Markets: Reasoning about a Highly Connected World.  Scroll down the page and click on the link for Chapter 7: Evolutionary Game Theory and view the PDF.  The readings are fairly detailed but will give you a good basis for understanding not only game theory but evolutionary game theory including evolutionary stable strategies.
   
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• 3.1.1 Reading: New York University: A. Brandenberger’s “Cooperative Games”

  Link: New York University: A. Brandenberger’s “Cooperative Games” (PDF)
   
  Instructions: This reading discusses cooperative game theory along with examples and mathematical functions. Click on "Cooperative Game Theory: Characteristic Functions, Allocations, Marginal Contribution" to view the PDF. Other files on the main page above may be useful reading as well.
   
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• 3.1.2 Reading: Stanford University: Encyclopedia of Philosophy “The Prisoner’s Dilemma”

  Link: Stanford University: Encyclopedia of Philosophy “The Prisoner’s Dilemma” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read section 2.4 on the Prisoner’s Dilemma.
  
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• 3.1.2 Reading: Encyclopedia of Business “The Prisoners Dilemma”

  Link: Encyclopedia of Business “The Prisoners Dilemma” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read this article that describes the Prisoner’s Dilemma, links it to game theory, and provides applications of the game to science.
   
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• 3.1.4 Reading: New York University: A. Brandenburger’s “Nash Equlibrium”

  Link: New York University: A. Brandenburger’s “Nash Equilibrium” (PDF)
   
  Instructions: Scroll down and click on the link “Nash Equilibrium: Definition.”  Read the entirety of the linked PDF.
   
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• 3.2.1 Reading: Stanford University: Encyclopedia of Philosophy “Applications of Evolutionary Game Theory”

  Link: Stanford University: Encyclopedia of Philosophy “Applications of Evolutionary Game Theory” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read Section four on applications of evolutionary game theory.
   
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• 3.2.1.1 Reading: UCLA: David Levine’s “What is Game Theory?”

  Link: UCLA: David Levine’s “What is Game Theory? (HTML)
   
  Instructions: This page provides a description of game theory and then takes you through a useful example.
   
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• 3.2.1.2 Reading: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute: West-Eberhard’s “Flexible Strategy and Social Evolution”

  Link: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute: West-Eberhard’s “Flexible Strategy and Social Evolution” (PDF)
   
  Instructions: Download the PDF titled “Mary Jane West-Eberhard.  1987. Flexible strategy and social evolution. In ANIMAL SOCIETIES: THEORIES AND FACTS, Y. Ito, J. L. Brown, and J. Kikkawa, eds., Japan Scientific Societies Press, Ltd., Tokyo, pp. 35–51.”  Read the article and take notes. 
   
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• 3.2.2 Reading: West Virginia University at Parkersburg: Biology/Geology 397 “Co-evolution and the Evolutionary Arms Race”

  Link: West Virginia University at Parkersburg: Biology/Geology 397 “Co-evolution and the Evolutionary Arms Race” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read the introduction up to symbiosis. This is a general overview of coevolution and covers section 3.2.2.2.
   
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• 3.2.2.1 Reading: University of Maryland’s “Evolutionary Stable Strategies”

  Link: University of Maryland’s “Evolutionary Stable Strategies” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read this page, which introduces evolutionary stable strategies.
   
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• 3.2.2.1 Reading: PBS: “John Maynard Smith: The Evolutionary Stable Strategy”

  Link: PBS: “John Maynard Smith: The Evolutionary Stable Strategy” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read this page, which introduces evolutionary stable strategies, and take notes.
   
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• 3.2.2.2 Reading: Indiana University’s “Red Queen Hypothesis”

  Link: Indiana University’s “Red Queen Hypothesis” (HTML)                   
  
  Instructions: Read this page for an introduction to the Red Queen Hypothesis.
   
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• 3.2.2.2 Reading: Experiment-Resources’ “Red Queen Hypothesis”

  Link: Experiment-Resources’ “Red Queen Hypothesis” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read this page for examples of the Red Queen Hypothesis and how it relates to sexual reproduction and genetics. 
   
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• 3.2.2.3 Reading: NECSI’s “Predator-Prey Relationships”

  Link: NECSI’s “Predator-Prey Relationships” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read this page for an introduction to the interactions between predators and prey.
   
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• 3.2.2.3 Reading: State University of New York Stonybrook’s Center for Game Theory in Economics: Shi Chen’s “A Game Theory Model for Predator-Prey Dynamics” (HTML)

  Link: State University of New York Stonybrook’s Center for Game Theory in Economics: Shi  Chen’s “A Game Theory Model for Predator-Prey Dynamics” (HTML)
   
  Instructions:  This link will lead you to the home page of the Center for Game Theory in Economics.  Click on the “Archives” button on the left side of the screen, and then scroll down to the “21st Summer Festival on Game Theory” and click the “View Program” link under “July 15, 2010.”  Scroll down this page until you see the blue bar for “Wednesday, July 14th.” In the third column, in the “11:45 - 12:15” slot, you will find the link that allows you to access a PDF of this article.  Please read the article to see how game theory principles affect predator-prey interactions.
   
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• 3.2.2.4 Reading: Biology Online’s “Host parasite co-evolution”

  Link: Biology Online’s “Host parasite co-evolution” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read this webpage, which includes examples of host-parasite relationships and the relation to evolution.                                                                                
   
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• 3.2.2.4 Reading: PBS: “Survival: Microbe Clock”

  Link: PBS: “Survival: Microbe Clock” (Adobe Flash) 
   
  Instructions: Click on each arrow to learn about how microbes can evolve very quickly. 
   
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• 3.2.2.4 Reading: University of Otago’s Evolutionary and Ecological Parasitology Research Group: William Vickery and Robert Poulin’s “The Evolution of Host Manipulation by Parasites: A Game Theory Analysis”

  Link: University of Otago’s Evolutionary and Ecological Parasitology Research Group: William Vickery and Robert Poulin’s “The Evolution of Host Manipulation by Parasites: A Game Theory Analysis” (HTML)
   
  Instructions:  This link will lead to you a publications page.  Click on the “2010” link, and then scroll down until you see the bolded reference to “Evolutionary Ecology” and click on the PDF link to access this article.  Read the article for an explanation of current thought on how game theory may explain some host-parasite interactions.
   
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• 3.2.2.5 Reading: UC-Clermont College: J. Carter’s “Coevolution and Pollination”

  Link: UC-Clermont College: J. Carter’s “Coevolution and Pollination”
   
  Instructions: This reading includes several examples of   coevolution with respect to pollination.
  
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• 4 Reading: NCBI: A Science Primer “Phylogenetics: Classifying Evolutionary Relationships”

  Link: NCBI: A Science Prime “Phylogenetics: Classifying Evolutionary Relationships” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: The reading begins at the section labeled “Phylogenetic Trees: Presenting Evolutionary Relationships.”  The reading covers basic terminology, methods of phylogenetic analysis, and assumptions behind building phylogenetic trees.
   
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• 4.1.2 Reading: Peripatus’ “Molecular Phylogeny”

  Link: Peripatus’ “Molecular Phylogeny” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read this page to learn about key terms used in molecular phylogeny, neutral theory, caveats to molecular phylogeny, the Universal Tree of Life, and molecular clocks.
   
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• 4.2 Reading: evoled.org’s “Pathways of Evolution”

  Link: evoled.org’s “Pathways of Evolution” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Click on the printable format link and read pages 1-9. The reading will give you a look at systematics and phylogeny including uses and creating phylogenetic trees.
   
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• 4.2.1 Reading: BMC Biology: Koepfli et al. (2008) “Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae: Resolving relationships, tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation”

  Link: BMC Biology: Koepfli et al. (2008) “Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae” (HTML or PDF)
   
  Instructions: Read this article on the phylogeny of mustelids. This will give you a good example of how molecular data is used to create to phylogenies and make inferences about evolutionary relationships.  You can access the PDF from the top right corner of the above linked page.
  
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• 4.2.2 Reading: New Scientist: Michael Marshall’s “Timeline: The Evolution of Life”

  Link: New Scientist: Michael Marshall’s “Timeline: The Evolution of Life” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read the entire article and take notes on the evolution of life.
   
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• 4.3.1.2 Reading: The Science Creative Quarterly: Faride Unda’s “Introduction to Phylogenetics”

  Link: The Science Creative Quarterly: Faride Unda’s “Introduction to Phylogenetics” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: The article describes many basic aspects of phylogenetics and common methods for constructing trees. This reading also covers section 4.3.2.2
   
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• 4.3.1.3 Reading: International Microbiology: D Moreira & H Philippe (2000) “Molecular phylogeny: pitfalls and progress”

  Link: International Microbiology: D Moreira & H Philippe (2000) “Molecular phylogeny: pitfalls and progress” (PDF)
   
  Instructions: Under “Archive Online Issues”, click on March under the year 2000. Click on the PDF file to open the corresponding document under “Review Articles”. The paper emphasizes microbial phylogenetics as a basis for discussing complications that arise during the creation of phylogenies and making comparisons. Also covers section 4.3.2.3.
   
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• 4.3.2.2 Reading: NCBI’s “Systematics and Molecular Phylogenetics”

  Link: NCBI’s “Systematics and Molecular Phylogenetics” (HTML)
             
  Instructions: Read from “Phylogenetic Trees: Presenting Evolutionary Relationships” through “The Importance of Molecular Phylogenetics” and take notes on each section. 
   
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• 5.2.1 Reading: University of California Paleontology: J.H. Lipps’ “Microfossils”

  Link: University of California Paleontology: J.H. Lipps’ “Microfossils” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: This webpage includes information about prokaryotes and the early evolution associated with them.
   
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• 5.2.1 Reading: M. Dorak’s “A Brief History of Life”

  Link: from M. Dorak’s “A Brief History of Life” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: The reading provides insight into the earliest forms of life. Material covers sections 5.2.1.1 and 5.2.1.2.
   
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• 5.2.2.1 Reading: Kimball’s Biology Pages’ “Endosymbiosis and the Origin of Eukaryotes”

  Link: Kimball’s Biology Pages’ “Endosymbiosis and the Origin of Eukaryotes” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: This webpage includes a definition and the history behind Endosymbiont theory.
   
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• 5.2.2.2 Reading: University of California-Berkeley: Museum of Paleontology “Introduction to Basal Eukaryotes”

  Link: University of California-Berkeley: Museum of Paleontology “Introduction to Basal Eukaryotes” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read this material and be able to identify some of the primitive characteristics that set them apart from prokaryotes.
   
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• 5.3 Reading: University of California-Berkeley: Understanding Evolution website “Biogeography”

  Link: University of California-Berkeley: Understanding Evolution website “Biogeography” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: This reading defines biogeography and relates it to natural selection and the history of evolutionary thought.
   
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• 5.3.1.1 Reading: University of California: Museum of Paleontology “The Mechanism”

  Link: University of California: Museum of Paleontology “The Mechanism” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: The website and accompanying links will introduce you to the history and mechanisms of plate tectonics.
   
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• 5.3.1.2.1 Reading: Wikipedia’s “Mountain Formation”

  Link: Wikipedia’s “Mountain Formation”(HTML)
   
  Instructions: The page introduces the link between plate tectonics and mountain formation along with different types of mountains.
  
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• 5.3.1.2.2 Reading: MountainNature.com: Ward Cameron’s “A River Runs Through It - River Mechanics”

  Link: MountainNature.com: Ward Cameron’s “A River Runs Through It - River Mechanics” (HTML)
   
  Instructions:  Read this passage for a quick summary of the methods by which waterways are formed and by which water itself affects the surrounding geography.
  
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• 5.3.1.2.3 Reading: Science Encyclopedia’s “Island-How Many Islands?”

  Link: Science Encyclopedia’s “Island-How Many Islands?” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read this page which discusses different types of islands and the geology associated with their formation.
  
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• 5.3.1.2.4 Reading: About.com’s “Bering Land Bridge”

  Link: About.com’s “Bering Land Bridge”(HTML)
   
  Instructions: This reading covers the formation, climate, and flora and fauna of the Bering Land Bridge as an example of how land bridges form.
  
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• 5.3.2 Reading: Physical Geography.net: M. Pidwirny’s "Earth's Climatic History”

  Link: Physical Geography.net: M. Pidwirny’s "Earth's Climatic History” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: The reading is an introduction to the Earth’s climatic history along with methods for reconstructing past climates.
   
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• 5.3.2 Reading: Geocraft.com’s website “Global Warming: A Chilling Perspective”

  Link: Geocraft.com’s website “Global Warming: A Chilling Perspective” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read the section on a “Brief history of Ice Ages.”  This material covers sections 5.3.2.1 and 5.3.2.2.
   
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• 5.4 Reading: University of California-Berkeley: Museum of Paleontology “Geologic Time Overview”

  Link: University of California-Berkeley: Museum of Paleontology “Geologic Time Overview” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: This is an ordered timeline with separate links to all the eons, eras, and periods.
   
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• 5.4.1 Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Paleobiology: The Precambrian”

  Link: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Paleobiology: The Precambrian” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: This reading covers sections 5.4.1.1 through 5.4.1.2.
   
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• 5.4.2 Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Paleobiology: The Early Paleozoic”

  Link: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Paleobiology: The Early Paleozoic” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: This reading covers sections 5.4.2.1 through 5.4.2.3.
   
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• 5.4.2 Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Paleobiology: The Late Paleozoic”

  Link: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Paleobiology: The Late Paleozoic” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: This reading covers sections 5.4.2.4 through 5.4.2.6.
   
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• 5.4.3 Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Paleobiology: The Mesozoic”

  Link: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Paleobiology: The Mesozoic” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: This reading covers sections 5.4.3.1 through 5.4.3.3.
   
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• 5.4.4 Reading: The Great Story’s “Epic of Evolution Timeline (Parts 2 and 3)”

  Link: The Great Story’s “Epic of Evolution Timeline (Parts 2 and 3)” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: This reading discusses subdivisions during the Cenozoic era; it covers sections 5.4.4.1 and 5.4.4.2.  Read this page and click on the link
  “Timeline 3” to read about the Holocene. 
   
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• 6.1 Reading: National Earth Science Teachers Association: Website to the Universe “Classification of Living Things”

  Link: National Earth Science Teachers Association: Website to the Universe “Classification of Living Things” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: The reading and the links from the main page cover sections 6.1.1 through 6.1.6. Be able to characterize each of the different kingdoms.
   
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• 6.2.1.1 Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Clams, Squids"

  Link: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Clams, Squids" (HTML)
   
  Instructions : In your reading, focus on the characteristics of molluscs in general and also on characteristics and examples of organisms within each class of the phylum Mollusca.
   
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• 6.2.1.2 Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Sponges"

  Link: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Sponges" (HTML)
   
  Instructions : In your reading, focus on the characteristics and examples of the phylum Porifera.
   
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• 6.2.1.3 Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Jellyfish"

  Link : Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Jellyfish" (HTML)
   
  Instructions : In your reading, focus on the characteristics and examples of the phylum Cnidaria.
   
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• 6.2.1.4 Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Flatworms"

  Link: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Flatworms" (HTML)
   
  Instructions : In your reading, focus on the characteristics and examples of the phylum Platyhelminthes.
   
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• 6.2.1.5 Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Nematodes"

  Link: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Nematodes" (HTML)
   
  Instructions : In your reading, focus on the characteristics and examples of the phylum Nematoda.
   
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• 6.2.1.6 Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Segmented Worms"

  Link: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Segmented Worms" (HTML)
   
  Instructions : In your reading, focus on the characteristics and examples of the phylum Annelida.
   
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• 6.2.1.7 Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Insects, Lobsters, Spiders”

  Link : Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Insects, Lobsters, Spiders” (HTML)
   
  Instructions : In your reading, focus on the characteristics and examples of the phylum Arthropoda.
   
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• 6.2.1.8 Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Sea Stars, Sea Urchins”

  Link: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Sea Stars, Sea Urchins” (HTML)           
   
  Instructions : In your reading, focus on the characteristics and examples of the phylum Echinodermata
   
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• 6.2.1.9 Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Fish, Birds, Mammals, etc”.

  Link: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Fish, Birds, Mammals, etc”. (HTML)
   
  Instructions : In your reading, focus on the characteristics and examples of the phylum Chordata.  Upon completion of this section, you should also be able to identify the characteristics that would separate the major classes (such as fish, birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians).
   
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• 6.2.2 Reading: Wayne’s Word Zoological Trivia “Major Phyla of Animals”

  Link: Wayne’s Word Zoological Trivia “Major Phyla of Animals” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read through the information on the web page and accompanying links. Try and list an example from each of the phyla listed below.
   
  Hemichordata
  Brachiopoda
  Tardigrades
  Ctenophora
  Coelenterata
  Nemertea
  Nematomorpha
  Rotifera
  Bryozoa
  Chaetognatha
  Gastrotricha
  Acanthocephala
  Sipunculoidea
   
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• 6.2.3 Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Nonvascular, Non-Seed Plants”

  Link: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Nonvascular, Non-Seed Plants” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: This reading covers 6.3.2.1-6.3.2.5. Be able to provide characteristics and examples of the different divisions.
   
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• 6.3 Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Seed Plants”

  Link: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael Farabee’s Online Biology Text “Seed Plants” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: This reading covers sections 6.3.1–6.3.5. Be able to provide characteristics and examples of the divisions.
   
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