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Introduction to Modern Database Systems

Purpose of Course  showclose

Learning Outcomes  showclose

Course Requirements  showclose

• Unit 1
• Unit 2
• Unit 3
• Unit 4
• Unit 5
• Unit 6
• Unit 7
• Unit 8
• Unit 9
• Unit 10
• Final Exam
• All Units

Unit Outline show close

Unit 1: Introduction to Modern Database Systems  

Different databases serve different purposes; each one is dependent upon both deployment environment and different types of user interactions.  In this unit, we will ask a number of questions pertaining to databases: What are some database environments and user types?  How can the database management system ensure control over data integrity, avoid data redundancy, and secure data, while at the same allowing interactions with different user types?  In answering these questions, we will identify and determine the characteristics of databases, their many deployment environments, and the different categories of users that interact with it. 

Unit 1 Time Advisory   show close


Unit 1 Learning Outcomes   show close


1.1 Databases: Definition and Characteristics  

• Reading: Professor Giora Baram and Frank Friedman, Temple University: CIS109—Lecture Notes—“Part One”

  Link: Professors Giora Baram and Frank Friedman, Temple University: CIS109—Lecture Notes— “Part One” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read sections 1–3.  You do not need to download the MSAccess sample database and you can ignore the Access tutorials since we will use MySQL in this course.  Please note that this reading applies to all of the sections listed under 1.1, including 1.1.1 –1.1.4.
   
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• Reading: Physicsarchives.com: Database Management Systems: “Chapter 1: From (Traditional Files) to Databases”

  Link: Physicsarchives.com: Database Management Systems: “Chapter 1: From (Traditional Files) to Databases” (HTML or PDF)
   
  Instructions: Read the entire chapter.  Please note that this reading applies to all of the sections listed under 1.1, including 1.1.1–1.1.5.  Physicsarchives.com contains a variety of courses related to information technology and physics.  You can access the PDF by clicking the Adobe icon on the top right corner of the linked page.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

  The Saylor Foundation does not yet have materials for this portion of the course. If you are interested in contributing your content to fill this gap or aware of a resource that could be used here, please submit it here.

  Submit Materials

1.1.1 File Processing vs. Database Approach  

1.1.2 What Is a Database?  

1.1.3 Data vs. Information  

1.1.4 Properties of a Database  

1.1.4.1 Persistent  

1.1.4.2 Programmable Interface  

1.1.4.3 Transaction Management  

1.1.5 Centralized vs. Distributed  

1.2 Database Usage and Environment  

1.2.1 Data and Databases  

• Reading: Penn State’s Database Fundamentals: “Lesson 1: The Value of Data and Databases”

  Link: Penn State’s Database Fundamentals: “Lesson 1: The Value of Data and Databases” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read the entire lesson.  This website, developed by Penn State, provides eleven brief lessons on database management systems.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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1.2.2 The Integrated Database Environment  

• Reading: Penn State’s Database Fundamentals: “Lesson 4: An Introduction to Database Management Systems”

  Link: Penn State’s Database Fundamentals: “Lesson 4: An Introduction to Database Management Systems” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read the entire lesson.  Note that this lesson also applies to the topics outlined in sections 1.2.2.1–1.2.2.4.  This website, developed by Penn State, provides eleven brief lessons on database management systems.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

  The Saylor Foundation does not yet have materials for this portion of the course. If you are interested in contributing your content to fill this gap or aware of a resource that could be used here, please submit it here.

  Submit Materials

• Web Media: Stanford University’s Introduction to Databases: Lecture 1: “Intro to Databases”

  Link: Stanford University’s Introduction to Databases: Lecture 1: “Intro to Databases” (Adobe Flash)
   
  Instructions: Watch the entire video.  This video applies to the topics outlined in sections 1.2.2.1–1.2.2.4
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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1.2.2.1 The Database  

1.2.2.2 The Database Management System (DBMS)  

1.2.2.2.1 Facilities Provided by DBMS  

1.2.2.2.2 Characteristics of a DBMS  

1.2.2.2.3 Define the Database  

1.2.2.2.4 Construct and Manipulate the Database  

1.2.2.2.5 Maintain and Secure the Database  

1.2.2.3 Functions of a DBMS  

1.2.2.3.1 Control Data Redundancy  

1.2.2.3.2 Avoid Data Inconsistencies  

1.2.2.3.3 Enforce Security and Integrity Constraints  

1.2.2.3.4 Allow for Different Ways of Interaction with the User  

1.2.2.4 People in Integrated Database Environment  

• Reading: jkinfoonline.com's “Database Systems Environment”

  Link: jkinfoonline.com's “Database Systems Environment” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read the section on people.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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1.2.2.4.1 End Users  

1.2.2.4.2 Application Programmers  

1.2.2.4.3 Database Administrator  

1.3 Classification of Database Management Systems  

• Reading: Penn State’s Database Fundamentals: “Lesson 5: Types of Database Management Systems”

  Link: Penn State’s Database Fundamentals: “Lesson 5: Types of Database Management Systems” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read the entire lesson.  This website, developed by Penn State, provides 11 brief lessons on database management systems.  Note: this reading applies to all of section 1.3.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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Unit 2: Database Architecture and Date Languages  

In order to properly create and then manage a database, we need to have a thorough understanding of the data it holds.  Because data can be seen from different levels, we will introduce different data models and learn how to apply them in order to describe the structure of the database, thereby providing a “view” of the database for the different types of users introduced in the previous section.

Unit 2 Time Advisory   show close


Unit 2 Learning Outcomes   show close


2.1 Database Architecture  

• Reading: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Chapter 1: Introduction”

  Link: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Chapter 1: Introduction” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entire chapter.  Please note that this reading applies to all sections listed under 2.1.  Database Resources is the culmination of many years of developing online database resources.  It includes notes as well as quizzes and an interactive SQL practice environment.      
             
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2.1.1 The Three-Schema Architecture  

• Reading: Learn Software Development’s “DBMS Architecture and Three Schema Architecture”

  Link: Learn Software Development’s “DBMS Architecture and Three Schema Architecture” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read this brief article.  Learnsoftwareprocess.com is a collection of articles on software and software processes.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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• Reading: RelationalDBDesign.com's “Schema Architecture”

  Link: RelationalDBDesign.com's “Schema Architecture” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read the entire page.
  
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above. 

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2.1.1.1 Conceptual Schema  

2.1.1.2 Internal Level  

2.1.1.3 External Level  

2.1.2 The Concept of Data Independence  

2.2 Tables, Views, and Indexes  

• Reading: Learn Software Development’s “Introduction to Relational Databases”

  Link: Learn Software Development’s “Introduction to Relational Databases” (HTML)
             
  Instructions: Please read the entire article.  Learnsoftwareprocess.com is a collection of articles on software and software processes.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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• Web Media: Stanford University’s Introduction to Databases: Lecture 2: “The Relational Model”

  Link: Stanford University’s Introduction to Databases: Lecture 2: “The Relational Model” (Adobe Flash)
   
  Instructions: Please click on the link titled The Relational Model under the section titled Relational Databases. Watch the entire video. 
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

  The Saylor Foundation does not yet have materials for this portion of the course. If you are interested in contributing your content to fill this gap or aware of a resource that could be used here, please submit it here.

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Unit 3: Database History  
Databases have existed for centuries: the maintenance of records and data has evolved from engravings to cards to digital storage.  In this unit, we will present the four different models of representing data, discussing the different limits of each.
Unit 3 Time Advisory   show close

Unit 3 Learning Outcomes   show close

3.1 Once Upon a Time, before Computers Existed  
• Reading: Quin Street Inc.’s Database Journal: Selena Sol’s “Introduction to Databases for the Web: What Is a Database?”

  Link: Quin Street Inc.’s Database Journal: Selena Sol’s “Introduction to Databases for the Web: What Is a Database?” (HTML)
             
  Instructions: Read the entire webpage for introductory information on the history of databases.  Database Journal provides articles and resources for database professionals.  Please note this applies to all of section 3.1.
   
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3.1.1 Paper, Note Card, etc.  
3.1.2 Limitations  
3.2 The Four Revelations  
• Reading: World Academy Online: “Data Models (Relational, Hierarchal, and Network)”

  Link: World Academy Online: “Data Models (Relational, Hierarchal, and Network)” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read the entire webpage.  This reading also applies to all of the subunits listed under 3.2.  Worldacademy.com provides courses designed to provide managers with a means to upgrade and improve their skills.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on
  the webpage above.

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• Reading: Patrick Rogers-Ostema: Kansas State University: “The History of Databases”

  Link: Patrick Rogers-Ostema: Kansas State University: “The History of Databases” (PowerPoint)
   
  Instructions: Please follow the above link, and then scroll down to 11/01.  Select the link titled “history” to download the PowerPoint presentation.  Please read all of the slides.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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3.2.1 The Network Model  
3.2.2 The Hierarchical Model  
3.2.3 Relational DBMS  
3.2.4 Object-Oriented and Object-Relational DBMS  
Unit 4: The Entity Relationship Model  

Databases often hold a great amount of data.  In order to build a database, we need to understand which entities should hold data and identify the connections that may exist between entities.  In this unit, we will learn about the Entity-Relationship model, which will allow us to create a graphical view of the different elements of a database as well as the relationships between them.  We will also learn the drawing conventions of the E-R model using a part-to-whole approach, beginning with those conventions used to represent a single entity, and concluding with conventions used to represent all relations in a database.

Unit 4 Time Advisory   show close


Unit 4 Learning Outcomes   show close


• Assessment: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Quiz on ER Diagrams”

  Link: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Quiz on ER Diagrams” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read the question, and choose the best answer choice at the top of the webpage.  Then, click on “Next,” answering all four questions in the “ER Diagrams” quiz section.  Note that Database Resources is the culmination of many years of developing online database resources.  It includes notes as well as quizzes and an interactive SQLpractice environment.      
             
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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• Web Media: Indian Institute of Technology, Dr. S. Srinath’s Database Management System: “Conceptual Designs”

  Link:  Indian Institute of Technology, Dr. S. Srinath’s Database Management System:  “Conceptual Designs” (YouTube)
   
  Instructions: Please watch the entire video.  Please note that this video applies to topics outlined in sections 4.1 and 4.2 of this course.
             
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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4.1 Why Use an E-R Model  

• Reading: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Chapter 2: Database Analysis: Introduction”

  Link: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Chapter 2: Database Analysis: Introduction” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entire Introduction section, stopping once you get to “Database Analysis Life Cycle.”
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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• Reading: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Chapter 2: Database Analysis: Database Analysis Life Cycle”

  Link: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Chapter 2: Database Analysis: Database Analysis Life Cycle”(HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please view the graphic and read this section, stopping once you get to “Three-level Database Model.”
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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• Reading: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Chapter 2: Database Analysis: Three-Level Database Model.”

  Link: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources:  “Chapter 2: Database Analysis: Three-Level Database Model” (HTML) 
   
  Instructions: Please read this short section, stopping once you get to “Basics.”
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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• Reading: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Chapter 2: Database Analysis: Basics”

  Link: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources:  “Chapter 2: Database Analysis: Basics” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read this short section, stopping once you get to “Entities.”
   
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4.2 Elements in the Model and Respective Symbols  

4.2.1 Entity, Represented by a Rectangle  

• Reading: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Chapter 2: Database Analysis: Basics: Entities”

  Link: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Chapter 2: Database Analysis: Basics: Entities” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read this short section, stopping once you get to “Attribute.”
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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4.2.2 Attribute—Represented by an Oval  

• Reading: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Chapter 2: Database Analysis: Basics: Attribute”

  Link: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Chapter 2: Database Analysis: Basics: Attribute” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read this short section, stopping once you get to “Keys.”  Please note that this reading applies to sections 4.2.2–4.2.4.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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• Reading: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Chapter 2: Database Analysis: Basics: Attribute: Keys”

  Link: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources:  “Chapter 2: Database Analysis: Basics: Attribute: Keys” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read this short section, stopping once you get to “Relationships.”  Please note that this reading applies to sections 4.2.2–4.2.4.
   
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4.2.3 Multi-Valued Attributes—Represented by a Double Oval  

4.2.4 Composite and Derived Attributes  

4.2.5 Keys  

• Reading: RelationalDBDesign.com's “Primary Keys”

  Link: RelationalDBDesign.com's “Primary Keys” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read the entire page
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above. 

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• Reading: RelationalDBDesign.com's “Database Foreign Keys”

  Link: RelationalDBDesign.com's “Database Foreign Keys” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read the entire page
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above. 

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4.2.5.1 Superkey  

4.2.5.2 Composite Key  

4.2.5.3 Candidate Key  

4.2.5.4 Primary Key-Underlined Attribute  

4.2.5.5 Foreign Key  

4.2.6 Relationships  

4.2.6.1 Degree of a Relationship  

• Reading: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Chapter 2: Database Analysis: Degree of a Relationship”

  Link: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Degree of a Relationship” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read this section, stopping once you get to “Cardinality.” 
   
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4.2.6.2 Cardinality of a Relationship: One-to-One, One-to-Many, Many-to-Many, and Respective Notations  

• Reading: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Chapter 2: Database Analysis: Cardinality”

  Link: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Chapter 2: Database Analysis: Cardinality” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read this section, stopping once you get to “Optionality.”
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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• Reading: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Chapter 2: Database Analysis: Optionality”

  Link: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Chapter 2: Database Analysis: Optionality” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read this short section, stopping once you get to “Entity Sets.”
   
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4.3 The Enhanced ER Model  

• Reading: Professor Giora Baram and Frank Friedman, Temple University: CIS109—Lecture Notes Part Three: “Section 2: The Enhanced E-R Model and Business Rules”

  Link: Professors Giora Baram and Frank Friedman, Temple University: CIS109—Lecture Notes Part Three: “Section 2: The Enhanced E-R Model and Business Rules” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read all of section 2.
   
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Unit 5: The Relational Database Model  
The relational database model provides us with a way to understand how data can be perceived.  While the E-R model represents the relations between elements of a database, it does not provide a conceptual view of its data.  We will use the relational model to solve that problem.  The relational model looks at entities as tables and allows operations to be performed on them.  In this unit, we will learn how to map ER models into relations.
Unit 5 Time Advisory   show close

Unit 5 Learning Outcomes   show close

5.1 The Relational Model at a Glance  
• Reading: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Chapter 2: Database Analysis”

  Link: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Chapter 2: Database Analysis” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the “Mapping ER Models into Relations” and “Advanced ER Mapping” sections in their entirety.  Note: this reading applies to sections 5.1 through 5.2.5 of this course.  Note that Database Resources is the culmination of many years of developing online database resources.  It includes notes as well as quizzes and an interactive SQL practice environment.        
             
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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• Assessment: Kennesaw State’s Animated Database Courseware: “ER Diagrams to Tables”

  Link:Kennesaw State’s Animated Database Courseware: “ER Diagrams to Tables” (Adobe Flash)
   
  Instructions: Please click on each box to go through each scenario.  After following the prompts to read the scenario, click on the “Proceed to Exercise” link on the bottom right side of the webpage.  Please complete the associated exercises.  Note: this quiz applies to the material covered in sections 5.1 through 5.2.5 of this course.  ADbC is a set of interactive software modules designed to support theteaching of database concepts.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.
              

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5.1.1 Properties of a Relation  
5.1.2 Foreign Keys  
5.2 Mapping an ER Diagram to a Relation  
• Web Media: Indian Institute of Technology, Dr. S. Srinath’s Database Management Systems: “Lecture 7: ER Model to Relational Mapping”

  Link: Indian Institute of Technology, Dr. S. Srinath’s Database Management Systems: “Lecture 7: ER Model to Relational Mapping” (YouTube)
   
  Instructions: Please watch the entire video.  Please note that this video applies to topics outlined in sections 5.2.1–5.2.6.
             
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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5.2.1 One to One Relationships  
5.2.2 One to Many Relationships  
5.2.3 Many to Many Relationships  
5.2.4 Parallel Relationships  
5.2.5 Unary Relationships  
5.2.6 Superclass/Subclass  
5.2.7 Integrity Constraints  
• Reading: Scribd.com: Hiiranya Bastakoti’s “Lecture Notes on Integrity Constraints”

  Link: Scribd.com: Hiiranya Bastakoti’s “Lecture Notes on Integrity Constraints” (HTML)
                         
  Instructions: Read through section 5.4 (pages 1 and 2).  Note: this reading applies to all of 5.2.3.  Scribd is the world’s largest social reading and publishing company.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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5.2.7.1 Domain Constraints  
5.2.7.2 Entity Integrity  
5.2.7.3 Referential Integrity  
Unit 6: Relational Algebra  

 We have seen that database entities can be viewed as logical tables. While this is useful in its own way, we can learn more from the data if we can perform operations on the tables within a database, as data from one table may not be meaningful without the data from another table.  In this unit, we will introduce relation algebra, the mathematical notation used to represent how data retrievals and updates are performed on tables in a database.  Understanding relational algebra will serve as a prelude to using the Structure Query Language (SQL).

Unit 6 Time Advisory   show close


Unit 6 Learning Outcomes   show close


• Reading: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Chapter 5: Relational Algebra”

  Link: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Chapter 5: Relational Algebra” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read both the “Introduction to Relational Algebra” and “Algebraic Format Relational Algebra” sections in their entirety.  Note: this reading applies to all subunits in Unit 6.  Database Resources is the culmination of many years of developing online database resources.  It includes notes as well as quizzes and an interactive SQL practice environment.      
             
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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• Assessment: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Online Quiz: Relational Algebra”

  Link: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Online Quiz: Relational Algebra” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please take the entire quiz.  Note that Database Resources is the culmination of many years of developing online database resources.  It includes notes as well as quizzes and an interactive SQL practice environment.          
             
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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• Web Media: Stanford University’s Introduction to Databases: Lecture 4: “Select, Project, Join”

  Link: Stanford University’s Introduction to Databases: Lecture 4: “Select, Project, Join” (Flash Video)
   
  Instructions: Watch the entire video.  This video applies to topics outlined in sections 6.1 and 6.2.1
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

  The Saylor Foundation does not yet have materials for this portion of the course. If you are interested in contributing your content to fill this gap or aware of a resource that could be used here, please submit it here.

  Submit Materials

• Assessment: Stanford University’s Introduction to Databases: “Relational Algebra Exercises”

  Link: Stanford University’s Introduction to Databases: “Relational Algebra Exercises” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Complete the entire assessment. After you are done, click on the Show Answers button.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

  The Saylor Foundation does not yet have materials for this portion of the course. If you are interested in contributing your content to fill this gap or aware of a resource that could be used here, please submit it here.

  Submit Materials

6.1 Basic Operations  

• Reading: Dr. Charles Corliss’s “Chapter 6: Relational Algebra and the Relational Calculus”

  Link: Dr. Charles Corliss’s “Chapter 6: Relational Algebra and the Relational Calculus” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read the sections on select and project.  You may also read the entire document if you want more background for later units.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.  

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6.1.1 Select and Select Properties  

6.1.2 Projection and Projection Properties  

6.2 Derived Operations  

6.2.1 Join  

• Reading: Dr. Charles Corliss’s “Chapter 6: Relational Algebra and the Relational Calculus”

  Link: Dr. Charles Corliss’s “Chapter 6: Relational Algebra and the Relational Calculus” (HTML)
  
  Instructions: Read the section (6.3) on join operations.  You may also read the entire document if you want more background for later units.
  
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.  

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6.2.1.1 Inner Join  

6.2.1.2 Equi Join  

6.2.1.3 Natural Join  

6.2.2 Outer Join  

• Web Media: University of Houston at Clear Lake, Dr. Gary Boetticher: “Relational Algebra: Set Operations”

  Link: University of Houston at Clear Lake. Dr. Gary Boetticher: “Relational Algebra: Set Operations” (YouTube)
   
  Instructions: Watch the entire video.  Please note that this also applies to subunits 6.2.2.1-6.2.2.3.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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6.2.2.1 Left Outer Join  

6.2.2.2 Right Outer Join  

6.2.2.3 Full Outer Join  

6.3 Set Operations  

• Web Media: Stanford University’s Introduction to Databases: Lecture 5: “Set Operators, Renaming, Notation”

   Link: Stanford University’s Introduction to Databases: Lecture 5: “Set Operators, Renaming, Notation” (Adobe Flash)
   
  Instructions: Watch the entire video.  Please note this also applies to subunits 6.3.1-6.3.5.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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6.3.1 Union and Union Properties  

6.3.2 Difference and Difference Properties  

6.3.3 Intersection and Intersection Properties  

6.3.4 Product and Product Properties  

6.3.5 Rename and Rename Properties  

6.4 Aggregate Functions  

• Reading: City University of New York, Prof. Richard Holowczak: “Relational Algebra Lecture Notes: Aggregate Functions”

  Link: City University of New York, Prof. Richard Holowczak: “Relational Algebra Lecture Notes: Aggregate Functions” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entire section.
   
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Unit 7: Intro to Data Normalization  

In this course, we have learned that entities in a database can be thought of as logical tables.  We will now learn that data in a table must be stored in a normalized way.  We will first identify the properties of a normalized table, learning about the process of normalization and its importance to the structure of a database.  We will then study the four major steps of normalization and discuss the database anomalies that can result in the absence of normalization. 

Unit 7 Time Advisory   show close


Unit 7 Learning Outcomes   show close


7.1 Normalization Defined  

• Reading: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Chapter 4: Normalization 0 – 3NF”

  Link: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Chapter 4: Normalization 0 – 3NF” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entire chapter.  Note: This reading applies to topics outlined in sections 7.1 to 7.3 of this course.  Database Resources is the culmination of many years of developing online database resources.  It includes notes as well as quizzes and an interactive SQL practice environment.
             
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• Web Media: www.wingslive.com: “What is Database Normalization?”

  Link: www.wingslive.com: “What is Database Normalization?” (YouTube)
   
  Instructions: Watch the entire video.
  
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• Web Media: Dr. Art Langer’s Logic Data Modeling 1: Introduction

  Link: Dr. Art Langer’s Logic Data Modeling 1: Introduction (YouTube)
   
  Instructions: Watch the entire video.
   
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• Web Media: Dr. Art Langer’s Logic Data Modeling 2: Candidate Key

  Link: Dr. Art Langer’s Logic Data Modeling 2: Candidate Key (YouTube)
   
  Instructions: Watch the entire video.
   
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• Web Media: Dr. Art Langer’s Logic Data Modeling 3: Normalization

  Link: Dr. Art Langer’s Logic Data Modeling 3: Normalization  (YouTube)
   
  Instructions: Watch the entire video.
   
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7.1.1 Advantages  

This subunit is covered in Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Chapter 4: Normalization 0 – 3NF”

7.1.2 Disadvantages  

This subunit is covered in Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Chapter 4: Normalization 0 – 3NF”

7.2 Anomalies  

• Reading: Kennesaw State’s Animated Database Courseware: “Anomalies”

  Link:Kennesaw State’s Animated Database Courseware: “Anomalies” (Adobe Flash)
   
  Instructions: Please read the introduction, and then click on the “Scenarios” link in the table of contents on the left side of the webpage.  This will redirect you to a page with six scenarios.  Click on the box to open up each scenario, and read through the tutorial (you will be asked to complete the questions in an upcoming unit).  Note: this material also applies to subunits 7.2.1–7.2.3.
   
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• Reading: Wikia.Com: Database Management: “Data Anomalies”

  Link: Wikia.Com: Database Management: “Data Anomalies” (PDF)
             
  Instructions: Please read the whole page.
   
  Terms of Use: The article above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0(HTML).  You can find the original Wikipedia version of this article here(HTML).

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7.2.1 Insertion Anomalies  

7.2.2 Deletion Anomalies  

7.2.3 Update Anomalies  

• Assessment: Kennesaw State’s Animated Database Courseware: “Anomalies Scenarios”

  Link: Kennesaw State’s Animated Database Courseware: “Anomalies Scenarios” (Adobe Flash)
   
  Instructions: Please complete all scenarios.  ADbC is a set of interactive software modules designed to support the teaching of database concepts.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage     above. 

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7.3 Functional Dependencies  

• Web Media: Stanford University’s Introduction to Databases: Lecture 23: “Functional Dependencies”

  Link: Stanford University’s Introduction to Databases: Lecture 23: “Functional Dependencies” (Adobe Flash)
   
  Instructions: Please watch the entire video. 
   
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7.3.1 Trivial Functional Dependencies  

7.3.2 Full Functional Dependencies  

7.3.3 Partial Functional Dependencies  

7.3.4 Transitive Functional Dependencies  

• Reading: Kennesaw State’s Animated Database Courseware Dependencies

  Link: Kennesaw State’s Animated Database Courseware “Dependencies” (Adobe Flash)
   
  Instructions: Please read this page and then click on the link to read the introduction.  Note this applies to all of section 7.3.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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• Assessment: Kennesaw State’s Animated Database Courseware: Dependencies Scenarios

  Link: Kennesaw State’s Animated Database Courseware: Dependencies Scenarios (Adobe Flash)
   
  Instructions: Please complete all three scenarios.  Note that ADbC is a set of interactive software modules designed to support the teaching of database concepts.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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7.4 From 1NF to BCNF  

7.4.1 First Normal Form (1NF) and Resolution Mechanisms  

7.4.2 Second Normal Form and Resolution Mechanisms  

7.4.3 Third Normal For and Resolution Mechanisms  

7.4.4 Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)  

• Reading: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Chapter 4: Normalisation—BCNF”

  Link: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Chapter 4: Normalisation—BCNF” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entire section.  Note this applies to all of Section 7.4.  Note that Database Resources is the culmination of many years of developing online database resources.  It includes notes as well as quizzes and an interactive SQL practice environment.  
             
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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• Assessment: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Quiz on Normalization”

  Link: Dr. Gordon Russell’s Database Resources: “Quiz on Normalization” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please complete questions 1–14 for this quiz on normalization.  Please note that this quiz tests what you have learned from Unit 7.  Database Resources is the culmination of many years of developing online database resources.  It includes notes as well as quizzes and an interactive SQLpractice environment.          
             
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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• Web Media: Dr. Art Langer’s Logic Data Modeling 5: 1st Normal Form

  Link:  Dr. Art Langer’s Logic Data Modeling 5: 1st Normal Form (YouTube)
                         
  Instructions: Please watch the entire video.
   
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• Web Media: Dr. Art Langer’s Logic Data Modeling 6: 2nd Normal Form

  Link: Dr. Art Langer’s Logic Data Modeling 6: 2nd Normal Form (YouTube)
                         
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• Web Media: Dr. Art Langer’s Logic Data Modeling 7: 3rd Normal Form

  Link: Dr. Art Langer’s Logic Data Modeling 7: 3rd Normal Form (YouTube)
                         
  Instructions:  Please watch the entire video.
   
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Unit 8: Introduction to SQL  

Structured Query Language (SQL) is the main data definition language used for the creation and maintenance of databases.  In this unit, we will look at basic SQL syntax, including some data definition and data manipulation language commands.

Unit 8 Time Advisory   show close


Unit 8 Learning Outcomes   show close


8.1 Overview  

• Web Media: Stanford University’s Introduction to Databases: Lecture 6: “Introduction to SQL”

  Link: Stanford University’s Introduction to Databases: Lecture 6: “Introduction to SQL” (Adobe Flash)
   
  Instructions: Please watch the entire video.  Note: this applies to all of section 8.1.
   
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8.1.1 What Is SQL?  

• Reading: W3Schools.com’s “Introduction to SQL”

  Link: W3Schools.com’s “Introduction to SQL” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entire webpage for a brief introduction to the definition and function of Structured Query Language (SQL).  W3Schools.com is a website with tutorials on many Internet programming topics.
   
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• Reading: Beat Signer’s Lecture 5: Introduction to Databases

  Link: Beat Signer’s Lecture 5: Introduction to Databases (Adobe Flash)
   
  Instructions: Please read through all slides.
   
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8.1.2 SQL Syntax  

• Reading: W3Schools.com’s “SQL Syntax”

  Link: W3Schools.com’s “SQL Syntax” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entire webpage.  W3Schools.com is a website with tutorials on many Internet programming topics.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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8.2 Data Definition Language (DDL) Commands  

• Web Media: ProgrammingVideos.Com: SQL Tutorial 03–Create–Database, Table, Index

  Link: ProgrammingVideos.Com: SQL Tutorial 03–Create–Database, Table, Index  (YouTube)
   
  Instructions: Watch the entire video.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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8.2.1 Create Table  

• Reading: SQLTutorial.org’s “SQL CREATE TABLE”

  Link SQLTutorial.org’s “SQL CREATE TABLE” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read through the entire tutorial to learn how to use SQL to create a database table.  The SQL Tutorial website was created to provide you clear, concise and easy to understand SQL Tutorial.
             
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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8.2.2 Drop Table  

• Reading: SQLTutorial.org’s “SQL DROP TABLE”

  Link: SQLTutorial.org’s “SQL DROP TABLE” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read through the entire tutorial to learn how to use SQL to delete data from a table and to remove the structure of the table.  The SQL Tutorial website was created to provide you clear, concise and easy to understand SQL Tutorial
             
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• Web Media: ProgrammingVideos.Com: SQL Tutorial 04–Alter Drop

  Link: ProgrammingVideos.Com: SQL Tutorial 04–Alter Drop (YouTube)
   
  Instructions: Watch the entire video.  Note: This applies to material presented in 8.2.2 and 8.2.3.
   
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8.2.3 Alter Table  

• Reading: SQLTutorial.org’s “SQL ALTER TABLE”

  Link: SQLTutorial.org’s “SQL ALTER TABLE” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read through the entire tutorial to learn how to use SQL to modify a database table.  Note: this reading also applies to subunits 8.2.3.1 and 8.2.3.3.  The SQL Tutorial website was created to provide you clear, concise and easy to understand SQL Tutorial
   
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8.2.3.1 Add a Column  

8.2.3.2 Drop a Column  

8.3 Column and Table Level Constraints  

8.3.1 Not Null  

• Reading: W3Schools.com’s “SQL NOT NULL Constraint”

  Link: W3Schools.com’s “SQL NOT NULL Constraint” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entire webpage.  W3Schools.com is a website with tutorials on many Internet programming topics.
   
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8.3.2 Unique  

• Reading: W3Schools.com’s “SQL UNIQUE Constraint”

  Link: W3Schools.com’s “SQL UNIQUE Constraint” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entire page.  W3Schools.com is a website with tutorials on many Internet programming topics.
   
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8.3.3 Primary Key  

• Reading: W3Schools.com’s “SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint”

  Link: W3Schools.com’s “SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entire webpage.  W3Schools.com is a website with tutorials on many Internet programming topics.
   
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8.3.4 Foreign Key  

• Reading: W3Schools.com’s “SQL FOREIGN KEY Constraint”

  Link: W3Schools.com’s “SQL FOREIGN KEY Constraint” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entire webpage.  W3Schools.com is a website with tutorials on many Internet programming topics.
   
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8.3.5 Default  

• Reading: W3Schools.com’s “SQL DEFAULT Constraint”

   Link: W3Schools.com’s “SQL DEFAULT Constraint” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entire webpage.  W3Schools.com is a website with tutorials on many Internet programming topics.
   
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8.3.6 Check  

• Reading: W3Schools.com’s “SQL CHECK Constraint”

  Link: W3Schools.com’s “SQL CHECK Constraint” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entire webpage.  W3Schools.com is a website with tutorials on many Internet programming topics.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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8.4 Data Manipulation Language (DML) Commands  

8.4.1 Insert Operator and Command Syntax  

• Reading: W3Schools.com’s “SQL INSERT INTO Statement”

  Link: W3Schools.com’s “SQL INSERT INTO Statement” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entire webpage.  W3Schools.com is a website with tutorials on many Internet programming topics.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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• Web Media: Stanford University’s Introduction to Databases: Lecture 13: “Data Modification Statements”

  Link: Stanford University’s Introduction to Databases: Lecture 13: “Data Modification Statements” (Adobe Flash)
   
  Instructions: Watch the entire video.  Note: this applies to all of 8.4.
   
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• Web Media: ProgrammingVideos.Com: “SQL Tutorial 05–Insert, Update, Delete”

  Link: ProgrammingVideos.Com: “SQL Tutorial 05–Insert, Update, Delete” (YouTube)
   
  Instructions: Watch the entire video.  Note: This applies to material presented in 8.4.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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8.4.2 Update Operator and Command Syntax  

• Reading: W3Schools.com’s “SQL UPDATE Statement”

  Link: W3Schools.com’s “SQL UPDATE Statement” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entire webpage.  W3Schools.com is a website with tutorials on many Internet programming topics.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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8.4.3 Delete Operator and Command Syntax  

• Reading: W3Schools.com’s “SQL DELETE Statement”

  Link: W3Schools.com’s “SQL DELETE Statement” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entire webpage.  W3Schools.com is a website with tutorials on many Internet programming topics.
   
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8.4.4 Select Operator and Command Syntax  

• Reading: W3Schools.com’s “SQL SELECT Statement”

  Link: W3Schools.com’s “SQL SELECT Statement” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read the entire page.  W3Schools.com is a website with tutorials on many Internet programming topics.
   
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Unit 9: Basic Select Statements  

In Unit 8, we introduced the select statement.  In this unit, we will learn to build queries using one table.  We will take a look at the basic syntax of the select statement along with some basic expressions and the where clause.

Unit 9 Time Advisory   show close


Unit 9 Learning Outcomes   show close


• Web Media: Kennesaw State’s Animated Database Courseware: “Interactive SQL: Queries Basic”

  Link: Kennesaw State’s Animated Database Courseware: “Interactive SQL: Queries Basic” (Java)
   
  Instructions: Please click on basic queries and then click on each box to review each scenario for Projection, Restriction, and Function.  Note: This material applies to all of section 9.  ADbC is a set of interactive software modules designed to support the teaching of database concepts.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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• Web Media: Stanford University’s Introduction to Databases: Lecture 7: “SQL: Basic Select Statement”

  Link: Stanford University’s Introduction to Databases: Lecture 7: “SQL: Basic Select Statement” (Adobe Flash)
   
  Instructions: Watch the entire video.  Note: This material applies to all of Unit 9.
   
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9.1 The Distinct Clause  

• Reading: W3Schools.com’s “SQL SELECT DISTINCT Statement”

  Link: W3Schools.com’s “SQL SELECT DISTINCT Statement” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entire webpage.  W3Schools.com is a website with tutorials on many Internet programming topics.
   
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9.2 The Where Clause  

• Reading: W3Schools.com’s “SQL WHERE Clause”

  Link: W3Schools.com’s “SQL WHERE Clause” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Read the entire page.  W3Schools.com is a website with tutorials on many Internet programming topics.
   
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9.3 And/Or Operators  

• Reading: W3Schools.com’s “SQL AND & OR Operators”

  Link: W3Schools.com’s “SQL AND & OR Operators” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entire webpage.  W3Schools.com is a website with tutorials on many Internet programming topics.  Please note that this covers topics in sections 9.3 and 9.5.
   
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9.4 SQL Aggregate Functions  

• Reading: W3Schools.com’s “SQL Functions”

  Link: W3Schools.com’s “SQL Functions” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read all the pages on aggregate functions.  Note: This reading material also applies to the topics listed under subunits 9.4.1–9.4.7.  W3Schools.com is a website with tutorials on many Internet programming topics.
   
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9.4.1 Count  

9.4.2 Avg  

9.4.3 Min  

9.4.4 Max  

9.4.5 Sum  

9.4.6 Last  

9.4.7 First  

9.5 Special Operators  

9.5.1 Like  

• Reading: W3Schools.com’s “SQL LIKE Operator”

  Link: W3Schools.com’s “SQL LIKE Operator” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entire webpage.  W3Schools.com is a website with tutorials on many Internet programming topics. 
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.
  

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9.5.2 Between  

• Reading: W3Schools.com’s “SQL BETWEEN Operator”

  Link: W3Schools.com’s “SQL BETWEEN Operator” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entire webpage.  W3Schools.com is a website with tutorials on many Internet programming topics. 
   
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9.5.3 In  

• Reading: W3Schools.com’s “SQL IN Operator”

  Link: W3Schools.com’s “SQL IN Operator” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entire webpage.  W3Schools.com is a website with tutorials on many Internet programming topics.
   
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9.5.4 Wildcards  

• Reading: W3Schools.com’s “SQL Wildcards”

  Link: W3Schools.com’s “SQL Wildcards”
   
  Instructions: Please read the entire webpage. W3Schools.com is a website with tutorials on many Internet programming topics.
   
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9.5.5 Top  

• Reading: W3Schools.com’s “SQL TOP Clause”

  Link: W3Schools.com’s “SQL TOP Clause” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entire webpage.  W3Schools.com is a website with tutorials on many Internet programming topics.
   
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9.6 The Order by Clause  

• Reading: W3Schools.com’s “SQL ORDER BY Keyword”

  Link: W3Schools.com’s “SQL ORDER BY Keyword” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entire webpage.  W3Schools.com is a website with tutorials on many Internet programming topics.
   
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Unit 10: The Join Statement  

Programmers frequently join data from a number of different tables in order to obtain more information.  They also—perhaps even more frequently—build queries to obtain information from more than one table in order to generate better information.  In this section, we will learn about SQL Joins, which allow us to create complex queries, combine data from different tables, and obtain a new result set that can provide us with a better understanding of the data and maximize database flexibility.  

Unit 10 Time Advisory   show close


Unit 10 Learning Outcomes   show close


10.1 Introduction  

• Reading: W3Schools.com’s “SQL Joins”

  Link: W3Schools.com’s “SQL Joins” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entire webpage.  W3Schools.com is a website with tutorials on many Internet programming topics.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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• Web Media: Michael Fudge’s “SQL: Understanding the JOIN Clause in the SELECT Statement”

  Link: Michael Fudge’s “SQL: Understanding the JOIN Clause in the SELECT Statement” (YouTube)
   
  Instructions: Watch the entire video. Please note: This material applies to sections 10.1 through 10.3.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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10.2 Inner Joins  

• Web Media: Kennesaw State’s Animated Database Courseware: “Interactive SQL: Queries Advanced”

  Link:Kennesaw State’s Animated Database Courseware: “Interactive SQL: Queries Advanced” (Java)
   
  Instructions: Please click on the advanced queries link and then the join tab. Please complete the scenario for Join.  ADbC is a set of interactive software modules designed tosupport the teaching of database concepts.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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• Reading: W3Schools.com’s “SQL INNER JOIN Keyword”

  Link: W3Schools.com’s “SQL INNER JOIN Keyword” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entire webpage.  W3Schools.com is a website with tutorials on many Internet programming topics.
   
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10.3 Outer Joins  

• Web Media: Kennesaw State’s Animated Database Courseware: “Interactive SQL: Queries Advanced”

  Link:Kennesaw State’s Animated Database Courseware: “Interactive SQL: Queries Advanced” (Java)
   
  Instructions: Please click on the advanced queries box and then click on the outer join tab.  Complete the scenario for Outer Join.  ADbC is a set of interactive software modules designed to support the teaching of database concepts.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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10.3.1 Left Outer Joins  

• Reading: W3Schools.com’s “SQL LEFT JOIN Keyword”

  Link: W3Schools.com’s “SQL LEFT JOIN Keyword” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entire webpage.  W3Schools.com is a website with tutorials on many Internet programming topics.
   
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10.3.2 Right Outer Joins  

• Reading: W3Schools.com’s “SQL RIGHT JOIN Keyword”

  Link: W3Schools.com’s “SQL RIGHT JOIN Keyword” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entire webpage.  W3Schools.com is a website with tutorials on many Internet programming topics.
   
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10.3.3 Full Outer Joins  

• Reading: W3Schools.com’s “SQL FULL JOIN Keyword”

  Link: W3Schools.com’s “SQL FULL JOIN Keyword” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entire webpage.  W3Schools.com is a website with tutorials on many Internet programming topics.
   
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10.4 The Group By Clause  

• Reading: W3Schools.com’s “SQL GROUP BY Statement”

  Link: W3Schools.com’s “SQL GROUP BY Statement” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entire webpage.  W3Schools.com is a website with tutorials on many Internet programming topics.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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• Web Media: Kennesaw State’s Animated Database Courseware: “Interactive SQL: Queries Basic”

  Link:Kennesaw State’s Animated Database Courseware: “Interactive SQL: Queries Basic” (Java)
   
  Instructions: Please click on the basic queries box and then the group by tab.  Complete the scenario for Group By.  ADbC is a set of interactive software modules designed tosupport the teaching of database concepts.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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• Assessment: W3Schools.com’s “SQL Quiz”

  Link: W3Schools.com’s “SQL Quiz” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please take the entire 20 question quiz to assess what you have learned in Unit 10.  W3Schools.com is a website with tutorials on many Internet programming topics.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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• Web Media: Stanford University’s Introduction to Databases: Lecture 11: “Aggregation”

  Link: Stanford University’s Introduction to Databases: Lecture 11: “Aggregation” (Adobe Flash)
   
  Instructions: Watch the entire video. 
   
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Final Exam  

• Final Exam: The Saylor Foundation's CS403 Final Exam

  Link: The Saylor Foundation's CS403 Final Exam
  
  Instructions: You must be logged into your Saylor Foundation School account in order to access this exam.  If you do not yet have an account, you will be able to create one, free of charge, after clicking the link.

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