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Heat Transfer

Purpose of Course  showclose

Course Information  showclose

Learning Outcomes  showclose

Course Requirements  showclose

• Unit 1
• Unit 2
• Unit 3
• Unit 4
• Unit 5
• Unit 6
• Final Exam
• All Units

Unit Outline show close

Unit 1: Introduction to Heat Transfer  

This first unit will introduce you to the subject of heat transfer.  Mechanical engineers use the knowledge about heat transfer to solve many real-world problems from maintaining house temperature at a comfortable level to making fuel rods in nuclear reactors not overheated.  We will discuss three basic methods of heat motion: convection, conduction, and radiation.  In this section, we will also explore the similarities between heat transfer and thermodynamics.

Unit 1 Time Advisory   show close


Unit 1 Learning Outcomes   show close


• Web Media: MIT’s “Heat Transfer Experiment Video”

  Link: MIT’s “Heat Transfer Experiment Video” (YouTube)
   
  Instructions: Please watch this video (5:54), which provides a brief overview of the three mechanisms of heat transfer and how each mechanism is used in engineering design.  Find similar heat transfer phenomena that you encounter in your everyday life.
   
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• Web Media: YouTube: University of Colorado Boulder’s “Introduction to Heat Transfer (Potato Example)”

  Link: YouTube: University of Colorado Boulder: “Introduction to Heat Transfer (Potato Example)” (YouTube)
   
  Instructions: Please watch this video (7:56), which demonstrates the basic concepts of heat transfer using potatoes as example.
   
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• Reading: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 1”

  Link: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 1” (PDF)
   
  Instructions: Please click on the link “Download A Heat Transfer Textbook,” which will take you to a download request form.  After you fill in relevant information about you, you will be able to download the book.  Note that the only information required on the form is your city, country, and occupation.  The book is in PDF format (17.2 MB).  Save a copy of the book for future use.  This is one of the best books on heat transfer.  For this unit, please read “Chapter 1: Introduction” (page 3-35).  The reading discusses the applications of heat transfer in everyday life (section 1.1), the relationship between the first law of thermodynamics and heat transfer (section 1.2), as well as different modes of heat transfer (section 1.3).  You may simply browse this reading. Note that the reading will cover the material that you need to know for all subunits in Unit 1.
   
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• Lecture: YouTube: Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay: Professor S.P.Sukhatme and Professor U.N.Gaitonde’s “Lecture 1: Introduction to Heat and Mass Transfer,” “Lecture 2: Introduction-2,” and “Lecture 3: Introduction-3”

  Link: YouTube: Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay: Professor S.P.Sukhatme and Professor U.N.Gaitonde’s “Lecture 1: Introduction to Heat and Mass Transfer”, “Lecture 2: Introduction-2”, and “Lecture 3: Introduction-3” (YouTube)
  
  Instructions: Please watch these videos (about 50-54 minutes for each video), which will introduce you to the basic concepts of heat transfer.  The videos will cover the material that you need to know for Unit 1.  In Lecture 1, pay attention to the discussion on the distinction between heat transfer and thermodynamics at the 8:00 minute mark.  Compare how Professor S.P. Sukhatme defined heat transfer and sections 1.1 and 1.2 in the Lienhard-Lienhard textbook.  Lecuture 2 introduced the concepts of control volume and the derivation of first law of thermodynamics for a control volume.  Lecture 3 introduced you to the three modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation.  This lecture reinforces what you learned from section 1.3 of the Lienhard-Lienhard textbook.
  
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1.1 Overview of Heat Transfer  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below the Unit 1 introduction.

1.2 Heat Transfer and Thermodynamics  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below the Unit 1 introduction.

1.3 Three Modes of Heat Transfer: Conduction, Convection, and Radiation  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below the Unit 1 introduction.

Unit 1 Assessment  

• Assessment: The Saylor Foundation's "Unit 1 Assessment"

  Link: The Saylor Foundation’s “Unit 1 Assesment” (PDF) and “Unit 1 Assessment Answer Key” (PDF).
   
  Instructions: Please download the quiz linked above, and answer each question before checking your answers against the answer key.

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Unit 2: Conduction  

In this Unit, you will be introduced to heat conduction, which is the primary mode of heat transfer in solid systems.  Heat conduction occurs when there is temperature gradient in the system and involves transfer of thermal energy from regions with higher temperature (higher molecular kinetic energy) to regions with lower temperature (lower molecular kinetic energy) by collisions of molecules and interactions of electrons.  The process of heat conduction plays a vital role in many engineering systems, ranging from metal casting, cooling of microelectronic devices, to dissipation of energy generated by nuclear fuel.
 
In this Unit, you will learn about the basic concepts and equations of heat conduction and how to obtain solutions for heat conduction problems in simple geometric configurations.

Unit 2 Time Advisory   show close


Unit 2 Learning Outcomes   show close


2.1 Introduction to Conduction  

• Web Media: YouTube: Julius Summer Miller’s “Heat Energy Transfer by Conduction – Part 1” and “Heat Energy Transfer by Conduction – Part 2”

  Link: YouTube: Julius Summer Miller’s “Heat Energy Transfer by Conduction – Part 1” and “Heat Energy Transfer by Conduction – Part 2”
   
  Instructions: Please watch this science demonstration video, in which Dr. Julius Summer Miller performed several simple experiments to illustrate heat conduction.  You may want to repeat some of these experiments at home.
   
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• Reading: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 2”

  Link: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 2” (PDF)
   
  Instructions: For this unit, please read section 2.1 of “Chapter 2: Heat conduction Concepts, Thermal Resistance, and Heat Transfer Coefficient” (pages 49-56) of Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook.  The reading discusses the basic concepts (e.g. thermal conductivity, Fourier’s law, etc.) and the governing equations of heat conduction.  Pay special attention to Example 2.1.  Work through Example 2.6 which illustrates the concept of “boundary condition.” Note that the reading will cover the material that you need to know for subunits 2.1.1-2.1.5.
   
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• Lecture: YouTube: Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay: Professor S.P.Sukhatme and Professor U.N.Gaitonde’s “Lecture 4: Heat Conduction-1”

  Link: YouTube: Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay: Professor S.P.Sukhatme and Professor U.N.Gaitonde’s “Lecture 4: Heat Conduction-1” (YouTube)
  
  Instructions: Please watch this video lecture (54:42 minutes), which will introduce you to the basic equations of heat conduction.  The video will cover the material that you need to know for subunits 2.1.1-2.1.5.  Pay attention to example discussed at 17:00 minute mark.  At the 31:00 minute mark, Professor S.P. Sukhatme discussed how to calculate thermal resistance of an infinite composite slab.  Compare this with Examples 2.2 and 2.4 in the Lienhard-Lienhard chapter in this unit.

   

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2.1.1 Rate of Conduction Equation - Fourier's Law  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 2.1.

2.1.2 Thermal Conductivity  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 2.1.

2.1.3 Thermal Diffusivity  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 2.1.

2.1.4 Heat Diffusion Equation  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 2.1.

2.1.5 Boundary Conditions  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 2.1.

2.2 Plane Wall Conduction  

• Reading: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 2”

  Link: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 2” (PDF)
  
  Instructions: For this unit, please read pages 56-63 in section 2.2 of “Chapter 2: Heat Conduction Concepts, Thermal Resistance and Heat Transfer Coefficient.”  This reading will introduce to you solutions of the heat conduction equations in plane wall geometry.  Plane wall conduction is an example of one-dimensional, steady-state conduction; one example of this is a wall separating an air-conditioned room from the hot outdoors.  Assuming constant outside temperature, we can use one-dimensional, steady-state analysis to determine the amount of heat is conducted between the cool air inside and the hot air outdoor through the wall.  Note that the reading will cover the material that you need to know for subunits 2.2.1-2.2.3. 

   

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2.2.1 Temperature Distribution  

Note: This topic is covered by the reading below subunit 2.2.

2.2.2 Thermal Resistance  

Note: This topic is covered by the reading below subunit 2.2.

2.2.3 Composite Walls  

Note: This topic is covered by the reading below subunit 2.2

2.2.4 Contact Resistance  

• Reading: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 2”

  Link: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 2” (PDF)
   
  Instructions: Please click on the link “Download A Heat Transfer Textbook,” which will take you to a download request form.  After you fill in relevant information about you, you will be able to download the book.  Note that the only information required on the form is your city, country, and occupation.  The book is in PDF format (17.2 MB).  Save a copy of the book for future use. 
  
  For this unit, please read pages 64-66 in section 2.3 of “Chapter 2: Heat conduction concepts, thermal resistance and heat transfer coefficient."  This reading will introduce to you to contact resistance.  Please pay attention to Example 2.4 and Table 2.1

   

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2.3 Radial System Conduction  

• Reading: Professor Z. S. Spakovszky’s Lecture Notes on Thermodynamics and Propulsion: “Section 16.5: Steady Quasi-One-Dimensional Heat Flow in Non-Planar Geometry”

  Link: MIT: Professor Z. S. Spakovszky’s Lecture Notes on Thermodynamics and Propulsion: “Section 16.5: Steady Quasi-One-Dimensional Heat Flow in Non-Planar Geometry” (HTML)

   

  Instructions: Please read the entire page.  In this reading, you will learn how to obtain solutions for one-dimensional steady-state heat conduction problems in spherical and cylindrical geometries.  Note that this reading will cover the material that you need to know for subunits 2.3.1-2.3.3.  

  
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• Lecture: YouTube: Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay: Professor S.P.Sukhatme and Professor U.N.Gaitonde’s “Lecture 5: Heat Conduction-2”

  Link: YouTube: Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay: Professor S.P.Sukhatme and Professor U.N.Gaitonde’s “Lecture 5: Heat Conduction-2” (YouTube)
   
  Instructions: Please watch this video (52:44 minutes), which will introduce you to heat conduction in radial systems and how to calculate thermal resistance.  The example solved at 8:40 minute mark illustrates how to solve heat conduction problems in a radial system.  Note that this video covers the material that you need to know for subunits 2.3.1-2.3.3.
  
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2.3.1 Cylinders  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 2.3.

2.3.2 Spheres  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 2.3

2.4 Fins  

• Reading: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 4”

  Link: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 4” (PDF)

   

  Instructions: Please click on the link “Download A Heat Transfer Textbook,” which will take you to a download request form.  After you fill in relevant information about you, you will be able to download the book.  Note that the only information required on the form is your city, country, and occupation.   The book is in PDF format (17.2 MB).  Save a copy of the book for future use.  For this subunit, please read section 4.5 in “Chapter 4: Analysis of Heat Conduction and Some Steady-state One-Dimensional Problems.”  This reading will introduce to you to heat conduction in extended surfaces, such as fin.  You will learn to calculate fin resistance and fin efficiency for a wide range of fin geometries.   

  
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• Reading: MIT: Professor Z. S. Spakovszky’s Lecture Notes on Thermodynamics and Propulsion: “Section 18.2: Heat Transfer from A Fin”

  Link: MIT: Professor Z. S. Spakovszky’s Lecture Notes on Thermodynamics and Propulsion: “Section 18.2: Heat Transfer from A Fin” (HTML)

   

  Instructions: Please read the entire page.  This reading will provide you a brief introduction to fin heat transfer.

  
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2.4.1 Introduction to Fins  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 2.4.

2.4.2 Fin Effectiveness  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 2.4.

2.4.3 Fin Resistance  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 2.4.

2.4.4 Fin Efficiency  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 2.4.

2.4.5 Fins with Non-Uniform Cross-Sectional Area  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 2.4.

2.4.6 Overall Surface Efficiency  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 2.4.

2.5 Two-Dimensional, Steady State Conduction  

2.5.1 Separation of Variables  

• Reading: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 4”

  Link: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 4” (PDF)

   

  Instructions: Please click on the link “Download A Heat Transfer Textbook,” which will take you to a download request form.  After you fill in relevant information about you, you will be able to download the book.  Note that the only information required on the form is your city, country, and occupation.   The book is in PDF format (17.2 MB).  Save a copy of the book for future use.  For this sub-subunit, please read section 4.2 in “Chapter 4: Analysis of Heat Conduction and Some Steady-state One-dimensional Problems.”  Pay attention to pages 146-150.  This section introduces you to separation of variables, which is a method often used to obtain solutions to multi-dimensional and transient heat conduction problems.  

  
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2.5.2 Shape Factor and Heat Rate  

• Reading: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 5”

  Link: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 5” (PDF)

   

  Instructions: Please click on the link “Download A Heat Transfer Textbook,” which will take you to a download request form.  After you fill in relevant information about you, you will be able to download the book.  Note that the only information required on the form is your city, country, and occupation.   The book is in PDF format (17.2 MB).  Save a copy of the book for future use.   For this sub-subunit, please read section 5.7 in “Chapter 5: Transient and Multidimensional Heat Conduction.”  Read pages 240-248 carefully.  This reading will introduce you to shape factor and how to calculate shape factor for a number of geometrical configurations.

  
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2.6 Transient Conduction  

• Reading: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 5”

  Link: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 5” (PDF)

   

  Instructions: Please click on the link “Download A Heat Transfer Textbook,” which will take you to a download request form.  After you fill in relevant information about you, you will be able to download the book.  Note that the only information required on the form is your city, country, and occupation.   The book is in PDF format (17.2 MB).  Save a copy of the book for future use.  Please read sections 5.1-5.6 (pages 193-235) in “Chapter 5: Transient and Multidimensional Heat Conduction.”    In this reading, you will learn how to obtain solutions for transient heat conduction problems using lumped capacitance method.  The lumped capacitance method assumes that the solid object in question has no internal temperature differences.  Always be sure to check that this method is applicable to your situation by first calculating the object’s Biot Number (based on its physical and geometric properties).  Note that this reading will cover the material that you need to know for subunits 2.6.1-2.6.3.  

  
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• Lecture: YouTube: Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay: Professor S.P.Sukhatme and Professor U.N.Gaitonde’s “Lecture 8: Heat Conduction-5”

  Link: YouTube: Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay: Professor S.P.Sukhatme and Professor U.N.Gaitonde’s Lecture Series on Heat Mass Transfer: “Lecture 8: Heat Conduction-5” (YouTube)
   
  Instructions: Please watch this video (53:29 minutes).  In this video, you will learn about unsteady state conduction in an infinite slab.  Compare what you learn here with section 5.3 in the Lienhard-Lienhard textbook.  Professor S.P. Sukhatme will also work through an example of transient heat conduction in a radial coordinate at the 38:00 minute mark.  This video covers the material that you need to know for subunits 2.6.1-2.6.3.
  
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2.6.1 Introduction to Unsteady States  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 2.6.

2.6.2 Lumped Capacitance Method  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 2.6

2.6.3 Spatial Effects  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 2.6

• Assessment: The Saylor Foundation’s “Unit 2 Assessment”

  Link: The Saylor Foundation’s “Unit 2 Assessment” (PDF)
   
  Instructions: Please download the quiz linked above, and answer each question before checking your answers against The Saylor Foundation’s “Unit 2 Assessment Answer Key” (PDF).

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• Assessment: The Saylor Foundation’s “ME 204 Heat Transfer: Radial Heat Conduction”

  Link: The Saylor Foundation’s  “ME 204 Heat Transfer: Radial Heat Conduction” (PDF)
   
  Instructions: Read the document and complete the assessment as instructed. The solution to the problem is given in the "Answer Key" (PDF).

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Unit 3: Convection  

In this unit, we will study the second mode of heat transfer: convection.  While conduction is the major mode of heat transfer in solids (as you learned in Unit 2), convection is the major mode of heat transfer in fluids.  Convection occurs because of movements of fluids.  Heat is carried away and dispersed thorough the fluid.  Convective heat transfer occurs in nature (e.g. cooling down effects of wind) and in engineering systems (e.g. heating of homes, cooling of equipment).

We will examine two major types of convective heat transfer: forced convection and natural convection.  In forced convection, movement of fluid is due to external forces such as a pump, while in natural convection, it is due to density differences driven by non-uniformity of temperature. 

Unit 3 Time Advisory   show close


Unit 3 Learning Outcomes   show close


• Web Media: YouTube: Julius Summer Miller’a “Heat Energy Transfer by Convection – Part 1” and “Heat Energy Transfer by Convection – Part 2”

  Link: YouTube: Julius Summer Miller: “Heat Energy Transfer by Convection – Part 1” and “Heat Energy Transfer by Convection – Part 2” (YouTube)
   
  Instructions: Please watch these two science demonstration video, in which Dr. Julius Summer Miller performed several simple experiments to illustrate heat convection.  You may want to repeat some of these experiments at home.
   
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• Reading: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 6”

  Link: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 6” (PDF)

   

  Instructions: Please click on the link “Download A Heat Transfer Textbook,” which will take you to a download request form.  After you fill in relevant information about you, you will be able to download the book.  Note that the only information required on the form is your city, country, and occupation.  The book is in PDF format (17.2 MB).  Save a copy of the book for future use in this course.  This is one of the best books on heat transfer.  Please read section 6.1 in “Chapter 6: Laminar and Turbulent Boundary Layers” (pp 271-278).  Note that the reading will cover the material that you need to know for subunits 3.1 and 3.2.

  
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3.1 Introduction to Boundary Layers  

Note: This topic is covered by the reading below the Unit 3 introduction.

3.2 Local/Average Convection Coefficients for Heat and Mass Transfer  

Note: This topic is covered by the reading below the Unit 3 introduction.

3.3 Laminar and Turbulent Flow  

• Reading: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 6”

  Link: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 6” (PDF)
  
  Instructions: For this unit, please read sections 6.2-6.8 in “Chapter 6: Laminar and Turbulent Boundary Layers (pp 278-323).”  Note that the reading will cover the material that you need to know for subunits 3.3-3.6, and any inclusive sub-subunits.  In Section 6.2, you may want to skim through page 288 and focus on equation 6.24 on page 289.  Make sure that you understand figure 6.11.  Pay attention to sections 6.4 and 6.6, which provide detailed discussions on the Prandtl number, boundary layer thicknesses, and the Reynolds analogy.  Browse through section 6.5, because we are going to revisit this section in subunit 3.7.

   

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3.3.1 Velocity Boundary Layers  

Note: This topic is covered by the reading below subunit 3.3.

3.3.2 Thermal Boundary Layers  

Note: This topic is covered by the reading below subunit 3.3.

3.4 Boundary Layer Equations  

Note: This topic is covered by the reading below subunit 3.3.

3.5 Discussion over Dimensionless Parameters  

Note: This topic is covered by the reading below subunit 3.3.

3.6 Reynold's Analogy  

Note: This topic is covered by the reading below subunit 3.3.

3.7 External Flow  

• Reading: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 7”

  Link: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 7” (PDF)

   

  Instructions: Please click on the link “Download A Heat Transfer Textbook,” which will take you to a download request form.  After you fill in relevant information about you, you will be able to download the book.  Note that the only information required on the form is your city, country, and occupation.  The book is in PDF format (17.2 MB).  Save a copy of the book for future use in this course.  This is one of the best books on heat transfer.  For this unit, please read “Chapter 7: Forced Convections in a Variety of Configurations” (pp. 342-388).  Note that the reading will cover the material that you need to know for subunits 3.7 and 3.8.  This reading will introduce you to heat transfer for external flows, such as flows over a cylinder, a sphere, and across tube fields and forced convection heat transfer.  

  
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• Lecture: YouTube: Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay: Professor S.P.Sukhatme and Professor U.N.Gaitonde’s “Lecture 18: Forced Convection,” “Lecture 19: Forced Convection-2,” “Lecture 20: Forced Convection-3,” and “Lecture 21: Forced Convection-4”

  Link: YouTube: Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay: Professor S.P.Sukhatme and Professor U.N.Gaitonde’s “Lecture 18: Forced Convection”, “Lecture 19: Forced Convection-2”, “Lecture 20: Forced Convection-3”, and “Lecture 21: Forced Convection - 4” (YouTube) .

   

  Instructions: Please watch these videos (ranging from approximately 45-50 minutes for each video), which will introduce you to the basic concepts of forced convection.  These videos cover the material that you need to know for subunits 3.7 and 3.8.  In Lecture 18, pay attention to definitions of local heat transfer coefficient and average heat transfer coefficient.  Also, make sure that you remember the definitions of Nusselt number, Reynolds number, and Prandtl number.  In Lecture 19, Professor U.N. Gaitonde works through an example of convective heat transfer with constant heat flux at wall.

   

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3.7.1 Introduction to External Flow  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 3.7.

3.7.2 Flow over a Flat Plate  

• Reading: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 6”

  MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 6” (PDF)

   

  Instructions: Please click on the link “Download A Heat Transfer Textbook,” which will take you to a download request form.  After you fill in relevant information about you, you will be able to download the book.  Note that the only information required on the form is your city, country, and occupation.   The book is in PDF format (17.2 MB).  Save a copy of the book for future use in this course.  This is one of the best books on heat transfer.  For this sub-subunit, please read sections 6.5 in “Chapter 6: Laminar and Turbulent Boundary Layers” (pp. 278-323) carefully.  The reading introduces you to equations that can be used to calculated heat transfer coefficient of forced convection over a flat plate.

  
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3.7.3 Flow across a Cylinder  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 3.7

3.7.4 Flow over a Sphere  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 3.7

3.7.5 Flow across Tube Fields  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 3.7

3.8 Forced Convection Heat Transfer  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 3.7.

3.9 Free Convection  

• Web Media: Infrared Imaging Experiments’s “Natural Convection - A Vertical View” and “Natural Convection-A Horizontal View”

  Link: Infrared Imaging Experiments’s “Natural Convection - A Vertical View” and “Natural Convection-A Horizontal View” (YouTube)
   
  Instructions: Please click on the above link, which will take you to a webpage of heat transfer experiments captured by Infrared video.  Browse to the sections titled “Natural Convection - A Vertical View” and “Natural Convection - A Horizontal View.”  Read the descriptions and watch the videos.  Click on the link “Read more” if you are interested in a more detailed description of the experiments.  The videos will provide you some insights into the dynamics of natural convection.
   
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• Reading: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 8”

  Link: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 8” (PDF)
  
  Instructions: For this subunit, please read sections 8.1-8.4 (pages 399-416), which will introduce you to natural convection and dimensionless numbers characterizing natural convective heat transfer.  Make sure that you know how to define the Raleigh number for different geometrical configuration of the heating surface (section 8.3). 
  
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• Lecture: YouTube: Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay: Prof. S.P.Sukhatme and Prof. U.N.Gaitonde’s “Lecture 22: Natural Convection-1,” “Lecture 23: Natural Convection-2,” and “Lecture 24: Natural Convection-3”

  Link: YouTube: Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay: Professor S.P.Sukhatme and Professor U.N.Gaitonde’s “Lecture 22: Natural Convection-1,”, “Lecture 23: Natural Convection-2,” and “Lecture 24: Natural Convection-3”  (YouTube)

   

  Instructions: Please watch these videos in their entity (about 50-53 minutes for each video), which will introduce you to the basic equations and dimensionless numbers for free convection. 

   

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Unit 3 Assessment  

• Assessment: California State University Northridge: Larry Caretto's "April 11 Homework"

  Link: California State University Northridge: Larry Caretto's "April 11 Homework" (HTML).
  
  Instructions: Open the link above that will take you to the homepage of ME 375 – Heat Transfer taught by Professor Larry Caretto. Click on "April 11": to download the Word file hw09.doc. 
  
  Solve all the problems listed in the homework. For each problem, read the problem statement in bold and attempt to solve it. After you complete your solutions, check with the answers below each problem statement.
  
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• Assessment: The Saylor Foundation's "Unit 3 Assessment"

  Link: The Saylor Foundation's "Unit 3 Assessment" (PDF)
  
  Instructions: Please complete the linked quiz.  When you are done, check your work against The Saylor Foundation's "Unit 3 Assessment Answer Key" (PDF).

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Unit 4: Heat Exchangers  

Heat exchangers are devices designed to transfer energy from one fluid to another.  You can find heat exchangers in almost any engineering application, ranging from nuclear power plant to the cooling of electronic devices.  Heat exchanges can be found in a wide variety of configurations, but can be generally classified into three basic types: the parallel or counter-flow configuration, the shell-and-tube configuration, and the cross-flow configuration.  In this unit, you will learn about the pros and cons and how to evaluate performance of each configuration.

Unit 4 Time Advisory   show close


Unit 4 Learning Outcomes   show close


4.1 Introduction to Heat Exchangers  

• Reading: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 3: Heat Exchangers”

  Link: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 3: Heat Exchangers” (PDF)
  
  Instructions: For this unit, please read “Chapter 3: Heat Exchanger Design” (pp. 99-129), which will introduce you to heat exchangers.  You will also learn about some basic considerations when designing heat exchangers.  Practice “Experiment 1” on page 101.  Make sure you know how to calculate logarithmistic mean temperature difference (LMTD), which is critical for evaluating performance of heat transfer coefficient.
  
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• Lecture: YouTube: Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay: Professor S.P.Sukhatme and Professor U.N.Gaitonde’s “Lecture 25: Heat Exchangers-1,” “Lecture 26: Heat Exchangers-2,” “Lecture 27: Heat Exchangers-3,” and “Lecture 28: Heat Exchangers-4”

  Link: YouTube: Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay: Professor S.P.Sukhatme and Professor U.N.Gaitonde’s “Lecture 25: Heat Exchangers-1,” “Lecture 26: Heat Exchangers-2,” “Lecture 27: Heat Exchangers-3,” and “Lecture 28: Heat Exchangers-4” (YouTube).

   

  Instructions: Please watch these videos in their entirety (ranging from 50-60 minutes for each video), which will introduce you to the basic equations and dimensionless numbers for free convection.  These videos will cover the material that you need to know for subunits 4.1-4.5.

   

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• Reading: MIT: Professor Z. S. Spakovszky’s Lecture Notes on Thermodynamics & Propulsion: “Section 18.5: Heat Exchangers”

  Link: MIT: Professor Z. S. Spakovszky’s Lecture Notes on Thermodynamics & Propulsion: “Section 18.5: Heat Exchangers” (HTML)

   

  Instructions: Please read the entire page.  This reading will provide you a brief overview of simple heat exchangers. The reading will cover the material that you need to know for subunit 4.1.

  
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• Lecture: YouTube: Stanford University: Professor Channing Robertson’s Introduction to Chemical Engineering: “Lecture 12: Heat Exchangers”

  Link: YouTube: Stanford University: Professor Channing Robertson’s Introduction to Chemical Engineering: “Lecture 12: Heat Exchangers” (YouTube)
   
  Also available in:
  iTunes U
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  Instructions: Please watch this video (52:06 minutes), which will provide you a simplified overview of heat exchangers. This lecture video covers the material that you need to know for subunits 4.1 and 4.2.
  
  Terms of Use: The video above is re-posted from Stanford University's YouTube Channel. This video is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works License. The original version can be found at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OpmMQv6clwQ&.

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4.2 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 4.1.

4.3 Overall Surface Efficiency/Fin Efficiency  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 4.1.

4.4 Log Mean Temperature Difference  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 4.1.

4.5 Number of Transfer Units (NTU) Analysis Method  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 4.1.

• Assessment: The Saylor Foundation’s “Unit 4 Assessment”

  Link: The Saylor Foundation’s “Unit 4 Assessment” (PDF)
   
  Instructions: Please download the quiz linked above, and answer each question before checking your answers against The Saylor Foundation’s “Unit 4 Assessment Answer Key” (PDF).

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• Assessment: The Saylor Foundation’s “ME 204 Heat Transfer: Design of A Heat Exchanger"

  Link: The Saylor Foundation’s “ME 204 Heat Transfer: Design of A Heat Exchanger” (PDF)
   
  Instructions: Read the document and complete the assessment as instructed.
   
  When you are done, check your work against The Saylor Foundation's "ME204 Heat Transfer Assessment Answer Key.” (PDF)

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Unit 5: Radiation  

In this unit, we will study the third mode of heat transfer: radiation.  Unlike conduction (Unit 2) and convection (Unit 3), thermal radiation does not require matter to act as its medium of transference.  In this unit, we will first look at the basic terminology and fundamental equations of radiation.  You will first be introduced to blackbody radiation heat transfer and then move onto how to calculate exchange of radiative energy between two surfaces.

Unit 5 Time Advisory   show close


Unit 5 Learning Outcomes   show close


5.1 Fundamentals of Radiation  

• Reading: Infrared Imaging Experiments’ “Conduction, Convection and Radiation from A Light Bulb”

  Link: Infrared Imaging Experiments’ “Conduction, Convection and Radiation from A Light Bulb” (YouTube)
   
  Instructions: Please click on the above link, which will take you to a webpage of heat transfer experiments captured by Infrared video.  Browse to the sections titled “Conduction, Convection and Radiation from A Light Bulb”.  Read the descriptions and watch the video.  Click on the link “Read more” if you are interested in a more detailed description of the experiment.  Feel free to watch other experiments on the website.
  
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• Reading: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 10: Radiative Heat Transfer”

  Link: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 10: Radiative Heat Transfer” (PDF)
  
  Instructions: For this unit, please read sections 10.1-10.4 of “Chapter 10: Radiative Heat Transfer” (pp. 527-565), which will introduce you to basic concepts and governing equations of thermal radiation.  The reading will cover the material that you need to know for subunits 5.1-5.6. 
  
  You should start by reviewing section 1.3, pages 27-32, to make sure that you know all the key ideas of radiation (e.g. blackbody, electromagnetism, absorbance). 
  

  
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• Lecture: YouTube: Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay: Professor S.P.Sukhatme and Professor U.N.Gaitonde’s “Lecture 10: Thermal Radiation,” “Lecture 11: Thermal Radiation-2,” “Lecture 12: Thermal Radiation-3,” “Lecture 13: Thermal Radiation-4,” “Lecture 14: Thermal Radiation-5,” and “Lecture 15: Thermal Radiation-6”

  Link: YouTube: Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay: Professor S.P.Sukhatme and Professor U.N.Gaitonde’s “Lecture 10: Thermal Radiation,” “Lecture 11: Thermal Radiation-2,” “Lecture 12: Thermal Radiation-3,” “Lecture 13: Thermal Radiation-4,” “Lecture 14: Thermal Radiation-5,” and “Lecture 15: Thermal Radiation-6”  (YouTube)

   

  Instructions: Please watch these videos (about 55-56 minutes for each lecture), which will introduce you to the basic concepts of radiation heat transfer.  This video will cover the material that you need to know for subunits 5.1-5.6.

   

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5.1.1 Emittance  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 5.1.  Read pages 529-532 of section 10.1 of the Lienhard-Lienhard textbook.

5.1.2 Intensity of Radiation  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 5.1.  Read pages 532-535 of section 10.1 of the Lienhard-Lienhard textbook.

5.2 Kirchhoff's Law  

• Reading: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 10: Radiative Heat Transfer”

  Link: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 10: Radiative Heat Transfer” (PDF)
   
  Instructions: For this unit, please read section 10.2 of “Chapter 10: Radiative Heat Transfer,” which will introduce you to Kirchhoff’s Law.  The law states that at thermodynamic equilibrium, a body emits as much energy as it absorbs from each direction and at each wavelength.  Make sure that you understand the gray body approximation on page 538.
  
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5.3 Radiation Exchange between Two Finite Black Bodies  

• Reading: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 10: Radiative Heat Transfer”

  Link: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 10: Radiative Heat Transfer” (PDF)
   
  Instructions: For this unit, please read section 10.3 of “Chapter 10: Radiative Heat Transfer” (pp. 527-565).  You will learn about how to calculate radiation heat exchange between two finite black bodies.  Make sure that you can explain view factor reciprotiy (pp 540-541).  Work through examples 10.1.
  
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5.3.1 Calculation of View Factor  

Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 5.3.  Read pages 542-550 of section 10.3 of the Lienhard-Lienhard textbook.  Make sure that you understand table 10.2 on page 545, which will allow you to calculate the view factor for a number of two-dimensional configurations.

5.4 Radiation Exchange between Two Gray Bodies  

• Reading: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 10: Radiative Heat Transfer”

  Link: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 10: Radiative Heat Transfer”(PDF)
   
  Instructions: For this unit, please read section 10.4 of “Chapter 10: Radiative Heat Transfer” (pp. 527-565).  You will learn about how to calculate radiation heat exchange between gray bodies.  Make sure that you can define irradiance and radiosity, then explain the analogy between Ohm’s law for electricity and radiation exchange between two gray bodies.  Work through Example 10.5 on page 553.
  
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5.5 Solar Radiation  

• Assessment: The Saylor Foundation's “Unit 5 Assessment”

  Link: The Saylor Foundation's “Unit 5 Assessment” (PDF)
   
  Instructions: Please complete the linked quiz.  When you are done, check your work against The Saylor Foundation's “Unit 5 Assessment Answer Key” (PDF)

  See a broken link? Please let us know!

• Reading: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 10: Radiative Heat Transfer”

  Link: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 10: Radiative Heat Transfer” (PDF)
   
  Instructions: For this unit, please read section 10.6  of “Chapter 10: Radiative Heat Transfer.”
  
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Unit 6: Boiling and Condensation  

In this final Unit of the course, we will turn our attention back to heat conduction and convection and study their roles in boiling and condensation.  Heat transfer in boiling and condensation is very complex but of considerable technical importance.  You will learn about different boiling regimes (including nucleate boiling, film boiling, and critical heat flux) as well as different condensation modes (including film condensation and dropwise condensation).  You will need to use what you learned in Units 2 and 3 to derive the equations for boiling and condensation heat transfer.

Unit 6 Time Advisory   show close


Unit 6 Learning Outcomes   show close


• Lecture: YouTube: Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay: Professor S.P.Sukhatme and Professor U.N.Gaitonde’s “Lectures 29-32: Boiling and Condensation”

  Link: YouTube: Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay: Professor S.P.Sukhatme and Professor U.N.Gaitonde’s “Lectures 29-32: Boiling and Condensation” (YouTube)
   
  Instructions: Please click on the links to the videos for Lectures 29-32 and watch them in their entirety.  Each will last about an hour.  The videos will introduce you to the basic concepts and governing equations of heat transfer during boiling and condensation.  You will also learn to apply these equations to solve several basic boiling and condensation heat transfer problems. Note that the video lectures will cover the material that you need to know for subunits 6.1-6.8.
   
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• Reading: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook: “Chapter 9”

  Link: MIT: Professors John Lienhard IV and John Lienhard V’s A Heat Transfer Textbook:“Chapter 9” (PDF)
   
  Instructions: Please click on the link “Download A Heat Transfer Textbook,” which will take you to a download request form.  After you fill in relevant information about you, you will be able to download the book for free.  The book is in PDF format (17.2 MB).  Save a copy of the book for future use.  This is one of the best books ever written on heat transfer.  Please read Chapter 9, which will get you familiar with heat transfer under different boiling conditions (i.e. nucleate boiling, pool boiling, and film boiling).  Note that the reading will cover the material that you need to know for subunits 6.1-6.3.
   
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6.1 Introduction to Boiling  

Note: This topic is covered by the lecture and reading below the Unit 6 introduction

6.2 Pool Boiling  

Note: This topic is covered by the lecture and reading below the Unit 6 introduction

6.3 Forced Convection Boiling  

Note: This topic is covered by the lecture and reading below the Unit 6 introduction

6.4 Introduction to Condensation  

Note: This topic is covered by the lecture and reading below the Unit 6 introduction

6.5 Laminar Condensation  

Note: This topic is covered by the lecture and reading below the Unit 6 introduction

6.6 Turbulent Condensation  

Note: This topic is covered by the lecture and reading below the Unit 6 introduction

6.7 Condensation on Cylinders  

Note: This topic is covered by the lecture and reading below the Unit 6 introduction

6.8 Condensation inside Tubes  

Note: This topic is covered by the lecture and reading below the Unit 6 introduction

• Assessment: The Saylor Foundation's “Unit 6 Assessment”

  Link: The Saylor Foundation's “Unit 6 Assessment” (PDF)
  
  Instructions: Please complete the linked quiz.  When you are done, check your work against The Saylor Foundation's “Unit 6 Assessment Answer Key” (PDF).

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Final Exam  

• Final Exam: Saylor Foundation's ME204 Final Exam

  Link: The Saylor Foundation's ME204 Final Exam (HTML)
  
  Instructions: You must be logged into your Saylor Foundation School account in order to access this exam.  If you do not yet have an account, you will be able to create one, free of charge, after clicking the link. 

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