Contemporary Political Thought
Purpose of Course showclose
Course Information showclose
Welcome to POLSC302. Below, please find some general information on the course and its requirements.
Course Designers: Sharon Jumper and Angie Bowie
Primary Resources: POLSC302 is comprised of a range of different free, online materials. However, the course makes primary use of the following materials:
- The Library of Economics and Liberty
- The Constitution Society
- Yale Course Channel: Yale University (YouTube)
Requirements for Completion: In order to complete this course, you will need to work through each unit and all its assigned materials. In order to “pass” this course, you will need to earn a 70% or higher on the final exam. Your score on the exam will be tabulated as soon as you complete it. If you do not pass the exam, you may take it again.
Time Commitment: This course should take you a total of 96 hoursto complete. Each unit includes a time advisory that lists the amount of time you are expected to spend on each subunit. These should help you plan your time accordingly. It may be useful to take a look at these time advisories and determine how much time you have over the next few weeks to complete each unit, and then to set goals for yourself. For example, Unit 1 should take you 9 hours. Perhaps you can sit down with your calendar and decide to complete subunit 1.1 (4 hours) on Monday night, subunit 1.2 (2.5 hours) on Tuesday night, and so forth.
Learning Outcomes showclose
Upon successful completion of this course, the student will be able to:
- Summarize the primary principles of capitalism, socialism, communism, egalitarianism, utilitarianism, social contract theory, liberalism, conservatism, neo-liberalism, neo-conservatism, libertarianism, fascism, anarchy, rational choice theory, and multiculturalism.
- Identify major the political theorists from the 188h century to the present.
- Discuss major political movements in their respective historical contexts.
- Assess the impact that various political movements have had on law, economics, international relations, and society.
- Analyze various primary sources of political theory and understand how these theories can be applied to solve problems in society.
- Understand the challenges that modern leaders face in framing political debate and public policy.
Course Requirements showclose
√ Have access to a computer.
√ Have continuous broadband Internet access.
√ Have the ability/permission to install plug-ins or software (e.g., Adobe Reader or Flash).
√ Have the ability to download and save files and documents to a computer.
√ Have the ability to open Microsoft files and documents (.doc, .ppt, .xls, etc.).
√ Have competency in the English language.
√ Have read the Saylor Student Handbook.
√ Have completed POLSC301 in addition to all courses listed in the Core Program of the Political Science discipline.
Unit Outline show close
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Unit 1: The Social Contract, Capitalism, and the Roots of Liberal Political Theory
This unit will introduce the foundational theories for modern democracy and free markets in modern Western Civilization. Classical liberal theories are rooted in individual liberty, limited powers of government, and, to a lesser extent, capitalism. We will explore the respective duties of the government to its people, of the people to their government, and of individuals to one another. Many of the theories we will study in this unit (including those of Montesquieu, Locke, and Rousseau) inspired much of the rhetoric in the US Declaration of Independence and Constitution, and played a major part in the revolutions that overthrew monarchies in Europe during the 18th and 19th Centuries. Note: as you will see in this unit and the next, the terms “Liberal” and “Conservative” have different meanings today than they did at the time of their origin.
Unit 1 Time Advisory show close
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1.1 Classical Liberalism
- Lecture: YouTube: George Mason University: Dr. Nigel Ashford’s “What is Classical Liberalism?”
Link: YouTube: George Mason University: Dr. Nigel Ashford’s “What is Classical Liberalism?” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please watch this short lecture (7minutes) in which Dr. Ashford explains the 10 core principles of the classical liberal view of society and the proper role of government.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The National Center for Policy Analysis: John Goodman’s “What is Classical Liberalism?”
Link: The National Center for Policy Analysis: John Goodman’s “What is Classical Liberalism?” (PDF)
Instructions: Go to the linked page and click where it says “Click here to view entire article” to view and read this article on classical liberalism. It will give you a broad overview of the issues of governance that classical liberals felt were the most compelling. It is important to keep in mind that the NCPA is a self-described “conservative” think tank; hence, the author’s opinions could be considered ideologically bent, especially as he argues President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s classical liberal concept of “rights.” This being said, you should think critically about the content of the article and consider alternative points of view.
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- Reading: The Constitution Society’s version of Charles de Montesquieu’s “The Spirit of Laws Book II,” “The Spirit of Laws Book III,” “The Spirit of Laws Book V,” “The Spirit of Laws Book IX,” and “The Spirit of Laws Book XII”
Links: The Constitution Society’s version of Charles de Montesquieu’s “The Spirit of Laws, Book II,” “The Sprit of the Laws Book III,” “The Spirit of the Laws Book V,” “The Spirit of the Laws Book IX,” “The Spirit of the Laws, Book XII” (HTML)
Also available in:
Kindle ($0.95)
Google Books
Instructions: Please read these excerpts. John Locke is widely considered the “Father of Liberalism.”His“Second Treatise of Civil Government” was written during England’s Civil War, while the country made efforts to transition from a monarchy to a republic.It is an important text in the history of theories of natural law and the social contract and thus stands as a key document in the history of Western political thought.
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- Lecture: YouTube: ayabaya: Cambridge University: Professor Alan Macfarlane’s “The Baron de Montesquieu”
Link: YouTube: ayabaya: Cambridge University: Professor Alan Macfarlane’s “The Baron de Montesquieu” (YouTube)
Also available in:
Quicktime
Instructions: Please watch this lecture (51 minutes).
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- Lecture: YouTube: George Mason University: Dr. Nigel Ashford’s “What is Classical Liberalism?”
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1.2 Capitalism and Free Enterprise
- Lecture: You Tube: The Independent Institute: P.J. O’Rourke’s “On the Wealth of Nations”
Link: You Tube: The Independent Institute: P.J. O’Rourke’s “On the Wealth of Nations” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch the above lecture (33 minutes) in which satirist, journalist, and writer P.J. O’Rourke examines the revolutionary nature and contemporary relevance of Smith’s seminal work, and why the pursuit of self-interest is so important.
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- Reading: Reading: The Library of Economics and Liberty: Adam Smith’s “Wealth of Nations Book I: Chapter IV,” “Wealth of Nations Book I: Chapter V,” “Wealth of Nations Book IV: Chapter II,” and “Wealth of Nations Book IV: Chapter VIII”
Links: The Library of Economics and Liberty: Adam Smith’s“Wealth of Nations Book I: Chapter IV,” “Wealth of Nations Book I: Chaper V,” “Wealth of Nations Book IV: Chapter II,” and “Wealth of Nations Book IV: Chapter VIII” (HTML)
Also available in:
Google Books
Instructions: Please read these excerpts. Adam Smith is considered the father—the primary theorist—of modern economics. His works explain the fundamental principles of capitalism, free enterprise, and why government should have minimal regulation of markets and trade. “Wealth of Nations” is considered a fundamental work in classical economics.
Terms of Use: This material is in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: You Tube: The Independent Institute: P.J. O’Rourke’s “On the Wealth of Nations”
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1.3 Limited Government
- Reading: The Constitution Society: Charles de Montesquieu’s “The Spirit of Laws Book II,” “The Spirit of Laws Book III,” “The Spirit of Laws Book V,” “The Spirit of Laws Book IX,” and “The Spirit of Laws Book XII”
Links: The Constitution Society: Charles de Montesquieu’s “The Spirit of Laws, Book II,” “The Sprit of the Laws Book III,” “The Spirit of the Laws Book V,” “The Spirit of the Laws Book IX,” “The Spirit of the Laws, Book XII” (HTML)
Also available in:
Kindle ($0.95)
Google Books
Instructions: Please read these excerpts. Montesquieu’s writings sought to point out the injustices of rule by monarchy and propose political and legal reforms. Spirithad an enormous influence on many of his contemporaries, including the Founding Fathers, who incorporated his ideas within the framework of the U.S. Constitution, most notably the concept ofseparation of powers.
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- Lecture: YouTube: ayabaya: Cambridge University: Professor Alan Macfarlane’s “The Baron de Montesquieu”
Link: YouTube: ayabaya: Cambridge University: Professor Alan Macfarlane’s “The Baron de Montesquieu” (YouTube)
Also available in:
Quicktime
Instructions: Please watch this lecture (51 minutes) where Professor Macfarlane discusses the life and works of Montesquieu. The lecture provides a useful companion piece for understanding the theories behind The Spirit of the Laws.
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- Reading: The Constitution Society: Charles de Montesquieu’s “The Spirit of Laws Book II,” “The Spirit of Laws Book III,” “The Spirit of Laws Book V,” “The Spirit of Laws Book IX,” and “The Spirit of Laws Book XII”
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1.4 The Social Contract
- Lecture: YouTube: YaleCourses: Yale University: Professor Steven B. Smith’s “Rousseau and the Social Contract”
Link: YouTube: YaleCourses: Yale University: Professor Steven B. Smith’s “Rousseau and the Social Contract” (YouTube)
Also available in:
Mp3
Transcript (HTML)
Quicktime (low bandwith)
iTunes U
Instructions: Please watch this lecture (40 minutes),where Smith makes the case that the social contract is the foundation of the “general will” and the answer to the problem of natural freedom (because nature itself provides no guidelines for determining who should rule). He also discusses Rousseau's legacy and the influence he exercised on later nineteenth-century writers and philosophers.
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- Reading: The Constitution Society: Jean Jacques Rousseau’s “Social Contract”
Link: The Constitution Society: Jean Jacques Rousseau’s “Social Contract” (HTML)
Also available in:
Kindle ($0.99)
Google Books
Instructions: Please read this document. Rousseau’s stated aim with this treatise was to determine whether there can be “legitimate” political authority. His central argument—monarchs were not divinely empowered to legislate and that political legitimacy comes only from a social contract agreed upon by all citizens for their mutual preservation—helped to inspire political reforms and revolutions throughout Europe.
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- Lecture: YouTube: YaleCourses: Yale University: Professor Steven B. Smith’s “Rousseau and the Social Contract”
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Unit 2: 19th Century Conservatism and Social Welfare Theory
This unit introduces the foundational theories for the conservative and neo-liberal movements. Classical theories of conservatism emerged in response to the revolutions in Europe and the Americas, and the problems created by urbanization and rapid industrial growth. As with the previous unit, the assigned materials explore the government’s duty to the people, the people’s duty to the government, and the duties of individuals to one another.
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As you will learn in this unit, Burkean and Hobbesian conservative theory stems from a rather dim view of mankind and the negative impact that self-interest plays in governance and social order. This perception is in contrast to the Classical Liberal and Neo-Liberal views that contend that self-interest leads to the best outcomes for all.
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2.1 A Conservative Look at Human Nature and Self Interest
- Reading: University of Tennessee: Ole Fosberg’s “Classical Conservatism”
Link: University of Tennessee: Ole Fosberg’s “Classical Conservatism” (PDF)
Instructions: When you arrive at the linked page, scroll down to “Classical Conservatism,” click on the link, and read the article. It summarizes the key points of classical conservative theory from the 17th to 19th centuries.
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- Reading: Fordham University: Internet History Research Project: Nicolo Machiavelli’s “The Prince”
Link: Fordham University: Internet History Research Project: Nicolo Machiavelli’s “The Prince” (HTML)
Instructions: Go to the above website and read Chapters IV through XIV of the book. In these chapters, Machiavelli offers practical advice on a variety of matters, including the advantages and disadvantages that attend various routes to power, how to acquire and hold new states, how to deal with internal insurrection, how to make alliances, and how to maintain a strong military. Implicit in these chapters are Machiavelli’s views regarding free will, human nature, and ethics.
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- Reading: University of Tennessee: Kristy Gladders’ “Analysis of the Prince: Machiavelli”
Link: University of Tennessee: Krissy Gladders’ “Analysis of the Prince: Machiavelli” (PDF)
Instructions: When you arrive at the linked page, scroll down to “Analysis of The Prince,” click on the link, and read the article. It will give you a sense of what early conservative theorists thought aboutthe nature of man and concepts of power.
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- Reading: Project Gutenberg’s version of Thomas Hobbes’ “Leviathan”
Link: Project Gutenberg’s version of Thomas Hobbes’ “Leviathan” (HTML)
Also available in:
Kindle (Free)
EPub format on Google Books
PDF
Instructions: Via the link, please read these assigned chapters from Thomas Hobbes’s classic: Chapter VI, Chapter VII, Chapter XIII, Chapter XIV, Chapter XV, Chapter XVII, Chapter XVIII, and Chapter XXI. Hobbes’ “Leviathan” sets forth a view of man’s basic nature, society, and a set of recommended guidelines for a system of government. Hobbes’ work is regarded as one of the earliest and most influential examples of social contract theory.
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- Lecture: iTunesU: Yale University: Professor Steven B. Smith’s “The Sovereign State: Hobbes, Leviathan”
Link: Yale University: Professor Steven B. Smith’s “The Sovereign State: Hobbes, Leviathan” (YouTube)
Also available in:
HTML
MP3
Flash
Quicktime
Instructions: Please watch Lecture 12 of this series (45 minutes) which provides an overview of Hobbes’ political views. Smith makes note of the fact that Hobbes’ views were often deemed paradoxical—a stern defender of political absolutism while an unwavering believer in the equality of human beings.
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- Reading: University of Tennessee: Ole Fosberg’s “Classical Conservatism”
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2.2 The Roots of Social Conservatism
- Reading: The Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal: Russell Kirk’s “The Essence of Conservatism” and “Ten Conservative Principles”
Link: The Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal: Russell Kirk’s “The Essence of Conservatism” (HTML) and “Ten Conservative Principles” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read the above articles. Russell Kirk, a political theorist and historian, was best known for his powerful influence on 20th century American conservatism in addition to shaping post-World War II political debate.
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- Reading: The Library of Economics and Liberty’s version of Edmund Burke’s “Thoughts and Details on Scarcity”
Link: The Library of Economics and Liberty’s version of Edmund Burke’s “Thoughts and Details on Scarcity” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this document. It demonstrates the lack of faith that early conservatives had in self-governance. Burke claims that it was not the government's responsibility to provide for the necessities of life and that labor is a commodity which will rise and fall according to the laws of supply and demand. His works were demonstrative of the lack of faith that early conservatives had in self-governance.
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- Lecture: YouTube: Petew74: University of Huddersfield: Pete Woodcock’s “Edmund Burke Mini Lecture”
Link: YouTube: Petew74: University of Huddersfield: Pete Woodcock’s “Edmund Burke Mini Lecture” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please watch this lecture (8 minutes), which provides a brief overview of Burke’s political philosophy.
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- Reading: The Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal: Russell Kirk’s “The Essence of Conservatism” and “Ten Conservative Principles”
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2.3 The Role of the State as Viewed by Early Conservatives
- Reading: The Library of Economics and Liberty’s version of David Hume’s “Of the First Principles of Government,” “Of the Origin of Government,” and “Of Taxes”
Links: The Library of Economics and Liberty’s version of David Hume’s “Of the First Principles of Government,” (HTML) “Of the Origin of Government,” (HTML) and “Of Taxes” (HTML)
Also available in: (All readings)
Google Books
Instructions: Please read these excerpts. David Hume was a friend of Rousseau, until the two had a falling out because Rousseau feared that Hume was going to turn him over to the French and Swiss authorities. Unlike Hobbes and the liberals, Hume did not believe that protection of self-interest could be relied upon as a basis for individual decision making, economics, or government.
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- Web Media: YouTube: New America Foundation: Sam Tanenhaus’ “The Death of Conservatism”
Link: YouTube: New American Foundation: Sam Tanenhaus’ “The Death of Conservatism” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please watch this interview with Sam Tanenhaus (8 minutes) author of the aforementioned book.
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- Reading: The Library of Economics and Liberty’s version of David Hume’s “Of the First Principles of Government,” “Of the Origin of Government,” and “Of Taxes”
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Unit 3: Utilitarianism and Civil Disobedience
In this unit, we will examine the philosophy of utilitarianism, or the belief that governments should undertake actions that maximize benefits to the greatest number of people. The primary theorists of early utilitarianism were the British philosophers Jeremy Bentham and his student, John Stuart Mill. Henry David Thoreau, a leading figure in another contemporary movement— transcendentalism—found great inspiration in utilitarian thought, particularly in its criticism of the morally compromised nature of society.The writings of Bentham, Mill, and Thoreau heavily influenced later leaders of civil rights, civil disobedience, and modern liberation movements, including Dr. Martin Luther King and Mohandas Gandhi.
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3.1 Ideals of Utilitarian Life
- Reading: Wofford College: Charles D. Kay’s “Notes on Utilitarianism”
Link: Wofford College: Charles D. Kay’s “Notes on Utilitarianism” (PDF)
Instructions: Read this article for an overview of utilitarian principles and their application to government.
Terms of Use: This material has been hosted with the kind permission of Charles D. Kay.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: J.H. Burns’ “Happiness and Utility: Jeremy Bentham’s Equation”
Link: J.H. Burns’ “Happiness and Utility: Jeremy Bentham's Equation” (PDF)
Instructions: Scroll to the very bottom of the linked page, look for “Jeremy Bentham's Greatest Happiness Principle (PDF),” and click to go to Burns’ article. Please read this documentin its entirety. This writing forms the cornerstone of all Bentham’s philosophical thought, which emphasized the pursuit of happiness and freedom. He also offered a radical critique of all English institutions: moral, religious, educational, political, economic and legal. Bentham’s writings are still at the center of academic debate, especially in regards to social policy and welfare economics.
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- Reading: The Constitution Society: Jeremy Bentham’s “Principles of Morals and Legislation”
Link: The Constitution Society: Jeremy Bentham’s “Principles of Morals and Legislation” (HTML)
Also available in:
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Google Books
Instructions: Please read this document. It sets forth a framework for legislation, criminal justice, and law enforcement under utilitarian ideals.
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- Reading: Project Gutenberg’s version of John Stuart Mill’s “Utilitarianism”
Links: Project Gutenberg’s version of John Stuart Mill’s “Utilitarianism” (HTML)
Also available in:
Google Books
Kindle ($0.99)
Instructions: Please read this document. Mill's major contribution to utilitarianism is his argument for the qualitative separation of pleasures. While Jeremy Bentham treats all forms of happiness as equal, Mill argues that intellectual and moral pleasures are superior to more physical forms of pleasure. He also distinguishes between happiness and contentment, claiming that the former is of higher value than the latter. “Utilitarianism”is Mill’s greatest work, in which he explains the underlying principles of utilitarianism and gives examples for its application in government and individual lives.
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- Reading: Wofford College: Charles D. Kay’s “Notes on Utilitarianism”
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3.2 Application of Utilitarian Principles to Law and Government
- Reading: The Constitution Society’s verson of Jeremy Bentham’s “Principles of Morals and Legislation”
Link: The Constitution Society’s verson of Jeremy Bentham’s “Principles of Morals and Legislation” (HTML)
Also available in:
Kindle ($0.99)
Google Books
Instructions: Please read this document. It sets forth a framework for legislation, criminal justice, and law enforcement under utilitarian ideals.
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- Reading: Project Gutenberg’s version of John Stuart Mill’s “On Liberty”
Link: Project Gutenberg’s version of John Stuart Mill’s “On Liberty” (HTML)
Also available in:
Google Books
Kindle ($0.99)
Instructions: Please read this document. It is a lengthy essay in which Mill explains the virtues of individual liberty and advocateslimited government intrusion into the lives of citizens. At the time, “On Liberty” was considered a radical work in Victorian-era England because it supported individuals' moral and economic freedom from the state.
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- Lecture: iTunesU: Harvard University: Professor Michael Sandel’s “Episode 2: Putting a Price Tag on Life”
Link: Harvard University: Professor Michael Sandel’s “Episode 2: Putting a Price Tag on Life” (YouTube)
Also available in:
iTunes U
Instructions: Please watch this lecture (55 minutes). The first part of the lecture examines Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarian logic under the name of cost-benefit analysis. Sandel presents some contemporary cases in which cost-benefit analysis was used to put a dollar value on human life, giving rise to several objections to seeking the greatest good for the greatest number. In the second part, Sandel tests Mill’s pleasure theory by applying it to different forms of entertainment.
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- Reading: The Constitution Society’s verson of Jeremy Bentham’s “Principles of Morals and Legislation”
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3.3 Civil Disobedience
- Reading: The Constitution Society’s verson of Henry David Thoreau’s “On the Duty of Civil Disobedience”
Link: The Constitution Society’s verson of Henry David Thoreau’s “On the Duty of Civil Disobedience” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this document. Thoreau was not a utilitarian, but a key figure in the transcendentalist movement—whose core belief was faith in the inherent goodness of man and the corruptive nature of society and its institutions on an individual’s purity. Nonetheless, his argument for resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state was reflective of utilitarian philosophy. At the time it was written and for many years after, Civil Disobedienceinspired leaders throughout the world to rise up in a peaceful manner to bring about regime change.
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- Reading: Earlham College: Peter Suber’s “Civil Disobedience”
Link: Earlham College: Peter Suber’s “Civil Disobedience” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this document. Suber focuses on the moral arguments for and against the use of civil disobedience in a democracy.
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- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation’s “Civil Disobedience and Civil Rights”
Link: The Saylor Foundation’s “Civil Disobedience and Civil Rights” (PDF)
Instructions: Please complete the entire assessment. You can check your answers against the “Guide to Responding” (PDF).See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Constitution Society’s verson of Henry David Thoreau’s “On the Duty of Civil Disobedience”
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Unit 4: Anarchism, Marxism, and the Rise of Labor Movements
This unit examines the revolutionary ideas of anarchism, Marxism, and labor union-based political movements that took root in the late 19th century. The impact of increased industrialization and the growing disparity of wealth in both Europe and the U.S. led to societal and political strife that served as the catalyst for the writings of Marx, Engels, and anarchists of the era. The combination of these problems, coupled with the horrors of World War I, led to the Russian Revolution and, later, to the rise of Fascism in Europe.
Unit 4 Time Advisory show close
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4.1 Marxism and Early Socialism
- Lecture: iTunesU: University of Wisconsin-Madison: Professor Charles Anderson’s “Marx to Marxism”
Link: iTunesU: University of Wisconsin-Madison: Professor Charles Anderson’s “Marx to Marxism” (iTunes U)
Instructions: Scroll down to podcast episodes #47 (“Marx to Marxism’) and #48 (Marx to Marxism, cont”) and listen to the lectures in their entirety (both between 45-50 minutes in length). Anderson provides a comprehensive examination of the main principles of Marxist theory—helpful context for understanding the subsequent readings in this subunit.
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- Reading: Yale University: The Avalon Project’s version of Karl Marx’s “Manifesto of the Communist Party”
Link: Yale University: The Avalon Project’s version of Karl Marx’s “Manifesto of the Communist Party”
Also available in:
Google Books
Kindle (free)
Instructions: Please read this document. Manifesto is widely regarded as the founding document of modern communism. It provides an analysis of the limitations of capitalism and class struggle, and it presents the main principles of communist ideology in detail. Marx and Engels explain that each class of people in society will work towards the destruction of classes that are inferior to them, and suggested that all classes and governments should be abolished. Manifestoinfluenced many politicians and scholars around the world, and inspired revolutions that resulted in the formation of communist states.
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- Reading: SparkNotes: “Das Kapital”
Link: SparkNotes: “Das Kapital” (HTML)
Instructions: Go to the above website and read the “Summary” and “Summary and Analysis.” The latter provides a comprehensive breakdown of key chapters within Das Kapital. In this seminal work, Marx expounds on his theory of the capitalist system, its dynamism, and its tendencies toward self-destruction.
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- Reading: Washington State University: Dr. Paul Brians’ “Introduction to 19th-Century Socialism”
Link: Washington State University: Dr. Paul Brians’ “Introduction to 19th-Century Socialism” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read the above document in its entirety. It is useful in understanding the social, economic and political forces that sowed the seeds of the early socialist movement and its key figures.
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- Lecture: Yale University: Professor John Merriman’s “Radicals”
Link: Yale University: Professor John Merriman’s “Radicals” (YouTube)
Also available in:
Quicktime (low bandwith)
iTunes U
HTML
Mp3
Instructions: Please watch the first 7 minutes of this lecture. Merriman discusses the two strains of socialism that existed in the 19th century—reformist and revolutionary—and how these competing ideologies affected the movement as a whole.
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- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation’s “The Communist Manifesto”
Link: The Saylor Foundation’s “The Communist Manifesto” (PDF)
Instructions: Please complete the entire assessment. You can check your answers against the “Guide to Responding” (PDF).See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: iTunesU: University of Wisconsin-Madison: Professor Charles Anderson’s “Marx to Marxism”
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4.2 Leninism and Revolutionary Communism
- Reading: Marxists Internet Archive: George Hanna’s translation of Vladimir Lenin’s “The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism”
Link: Marxists Internet Archive: George Hanna’s translation of Vladimir Lenin’s “The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this document. Lenin was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and communist politician who led the October Revolution of 1917. This article was published in 1913, dedicated to the 30th anniversary of Marx’s death. Lenin’s purpose was to show the comprehensiveness of Marxism, stating that it was “on the highroad of development of world civilization.”
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- Reading: Patrick Lavin’s translation of Rosa Luxemburg’s “The Mass Strike, the Political Parties, and the Trade Unions”
Links: Patrick Lavin’s translation of Rosa Luxemburg’s “The Mass Strike, the Political Parties, and the Trade Unions” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this document. Luxemburg, a Marxist theorist, activist and leader of the German Communist movement, championed the idea of the mass strike as the most important revolutionary weapon of the proletariat (working class).
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- Lecture: iTunesU: Brown University: Professor Tom Gleason’s “Episode 2: Why Was Marx Important in Russia?”
Link: iTunesU: Brown University: Professor Tom Gleason’s “Episode 2: Why Was Marx Important in Russia?” (iTunes U)
Also available in:
Adobe Flash
Instructions: Please watch this video clip (1 minute).
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- Reading: Marxists Internet Archive: George Hanna’s translation of Vladimir Lenin’s “The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism”
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4.3 Anarchism
- Reading: Spartacus Educational: “Anarchism”
Link: Spartacus Educational: “Anarchism” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read the above article, a summary of the main tenets of anarchism and its most influential theorists and organizers.
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- Reading: Noam Chomsky’s “Notes on Anarchism”
Links: Noam Chomsky’s “Notes on Anarchism” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this document. Chomsky, an acclaimed linguist, philosopher, and activist, reflects on the anarchist principles that have guided him since he was a teenager. Notesis widely considered a classic essay on libertarian socialist thought (anarchism).
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- Lecture: YouTube: UCtelevision: University of California at Berkeley: Noam Chomsky’s “Activism, Anarchism, and Power”
Link: YouTube: UCtelevision: University of California at Berkeley: Noam Chomsky’s “Activism, Anarchism, and Power” (YouTube)
Also available in:
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Instructions: Please watch this University of California-Berkeley interview (60 minutes) with Chomsky, where he discusses his views on American political life.
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- Reading: Spartacus Educational: “Anarchism”
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4.4 The Rise of Labor Movements as Political Forces
- Reading: The Library of Economics and Liberty’s version of Robert Hoxie’s “Trade Unionism in the United States”
Links: The Library of Economics and Liberty’s version of Robert Hoxie’s “Trade Unionism in the United States” (HTML)
Also available in:
Google Books
Instructions: Please read this document. Robert Hoxie was a U.S. economist at the University of Chicago with a particular interest in trade and labor unions. He was among the earliest to argue that unions evolve differently across social-psychological environmental contexts. He identified five functional types of unionism:business, friendly/uplift, revolutionary, predatory, and dependent.
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- Lecture: University of New England: Robert Zieger’s “Does America (Still) Need Unions?”
Link: University of New England: Robert Zieger’s “Does America (Still) Need Unions?” (Adobe Flash)
Instructions: Please watch this lecture (83 minutes). Dr. Zieger discusses the connections between the turbulent history of labor unions and the present-day circumstances facing American workers. He also addresses the impact of changing economic conditions and globalization on the labor movement.
Note: Depending on your computer, the audio might be low; if so, please use headphones for better sound quality.
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- Reading: The Library of Economics and Liberty’s version of Robert Hoxie’s “Trade Unionism in the United States”
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Unit 5: Communism
In this unit, we will examine the implementation and evolution of communism in Russia and China. We will begin with Russia after World War I, when the nation was suddenly flung into civil war. Russian revolutionaries overthrew the Czar, and Russia and other neighboring states subsequently formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The USSR installed communist rule under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, who was succeeded by Josef Stalin.
Unit 5 Time Advisory show close
Meanwhile, China suffered greatly during the 1930s and 1940s due to Japanese Occupation, World War II, and civil war. Under Mao Tse Tung, the Communist Party of China (CPC) took over China in 1949. During the four subsequent decades, China, the USSR, the U.S., and their respective allies engaged in both an ideological “Cold War” and a series of proxy “hot” wars in Korea, Vietnam, Nicaragua, Afghanistan, and elsewhere. The impact of the Soviet losses in Afghanistan and reforms in the USSR’s political system and economy led to the breakup of the USSR into Russia and several new states. Following the death of Mao Tse Tung, Chinese reformers, led by Deng Xiao Ping, instituted a series of economic and government reforms that have led to China’s emergence as a global economic superpower in the 21st century.
Unit 5 Learning Outcomes show close
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5.1 The Rise of Communism in the USSR
- Reading: The Library of Economics and Liberty: Bryan Caplan’s “Communism”
Link: The Library of Economics and Liberty: Bryan Caplan’s “Communism” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read the above article.
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- Reading: The Foreign Language Press’ translations of V.I. Lenin’s “What is to Be Done? Chapters 1,” “What is to Be Done? Chapter 2,” and “What is to be Done? Chapter 3,” and “Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism”
Links: The Foreign Language Press’ translations of V.I. Lenin’s “What is to Be Done? Chapters 1,” (HTML) “What is to Be Done? Chapter 2,” (HTML) “What is to be Done? Chapter 3,” (HTML) and “Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism” (HTML)
Instructions: Please click the links and read these documents. In the political pamphlet “What is to be Done?” Lenin argues that Marxists should form a political party, or "vanguard," of dedicated revolutionaries to spread Marxist political ideas among the workers. “Imperialism” posits the notion that Russia had gone through its capitalist stage of history and was ready for a second, socialist revolution.
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- Reading: The Workers’ Library Publisher’s translation of J.V. Stalin’s “Mastering Bolshevism”
Link: The Workers’ Library Publisher’s translation of J.V. Stalin’s “Mastering Bolshevism” (HTML)
Also available in:
PDF
Instructions: Please click the link and read the entire document. Stalin was among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought about the 1917 October Revolution. He served as both Premier of the Soviet Union and General Secretary the Communist Party from 1922-53. This treatise is an explanation of how Stalin planned to build upon the foundations that Lenin laid in governing the USSR.
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- Lecture: iTunesU: Gutenburg College: Professor David Crabtree’s “Episode 5: The Rise of Communism—Critique of Capitalism”
Link: iTunesU: Gutenburg College: Professor David Crabtree’s “Episode 5: The Rise of Communism—Critique of Capitalism” (iTunes U)
Instructions: Go to the above website and click on the link to podcast #5 (50 minutes).
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- Lecture: Yale University: Professor John Merriman’s “Episode 21: Stalinism”
Link: Yale University Professor John Merriman’s “Episode 21: Stalinism (YouTube)”
Also available in:
iTunes U
Quicktime
Mp3
Transcript (HTML)
Instructions: Please click the link and watch this lecture (47 minutes) which addresses the question as to whether or not the abuses of the Stalin era—i.e. ethnic persecution, widespread poverty, and dictatorial rule—were already present in the first years of the Russian Revolution.
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- Reading: The Library of Economics and Liberty: Bryan Caplan’s “Communism”
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5.2 The Rise of Communism in the People’s Republic of China
- Reading: The Foreign Language Press’ translation of Mao Tse Tung’s “The Selected Works of Mao Tse Tung: China’s Two Possible Destinies”
Link: The Foreign Language Press’ translation of Mao Tse Tung’s “The Selected Works of Mao Tse Tung: China's Two Possible Destinies” (HTML)
Instructions: Please click the link and read this excerpt. In this work, Mao explains the pros and cons of supporting versus opposing a communist revolution in China.
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- Reading: The Maoist Documentation Project’s translations of Mao Tse Tung’s “Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society” and “On Protracted War”
Links: The Maoist Documentation Project’s translations of Mao Tse Tung’s “Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society” (HTML) and “On Protracted War” (HTML)
Instructions: Please click the links and read these two documents. In these essays, Mao sets forth his philosophy of class struggle.
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- Reading: The Foreign Language Press’ translations of Mao Tse Tung’s “On the People’s Democratic Dictatorship,” “Struggle Against ‘Three Evils’ and ‘Five Evils’,” and “US Imperialism Is a Paper Tiger”
Links: The Foreign Language Press’ translations of Mao Tse Tung’s “On the People's Democratic Dictatorship,” (HTML) “Struggle Against 'Three Evils' and 'Five Evils',” (HTML) “US Imperialism Is a Paper Tiger” (HTML)
Instructions: Please click on the links and read these documents. In these essays, Mao discusses the benefits of engaging in war to defeat imperialism in all of its forms.
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- Reading: The Foreign Language Press’ translation of Mao Tse Tung’s “The Selected Works of Mao Tse Tung: China’s Two Possible Destinies”
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5.3 Post-Cold War Ideology in Russia and China
- Reading: Luxembourg Institute for European and International Studies: Adrian Pabst’s “The Future Role of Russia in World Politics”
Link: Luxembourg Institute for European and International Studies: Adrian Pabst’s “The Future Role of Russia in World Politics” (PDF)
Instructions: Click on the PDF link to read the executive summary of the conference, which debates the post-Cold War status of Russia.
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- Lecture: iTunesU: Loyola Marymount University: Dr. John Rodden’s “Nazi/Stasi Human Rights Abuse and its Relevance for Today”
Link: iTunesU: Loyola Marymount University: Dr. John Rodden’s “Nazi/Stasi Human Rights Abuse and its Relevance for Today” (iTunes U)
Instructions: Please watch this lecture (66 minutes), listed second on the podcast list. Dr. Rodden focuses his discussion on human rights abuse within the context of the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of Communism.
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- Reading: Slate.com: Christopher Beam’s “How Communist Is China?”
Link: Slate.com: Christopher Beam’s “How Communist Is China?” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this article.
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- Web Media: YouTube: Al Jazeera English’s “Frost over the World: George H. W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev: Part 1” and “Frost over the World: George H. W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev: Part 2”
Links: YouTube: Al Jazeera English’s “Frost over the World: George H. W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev: Part 1” (YouTube) and “Frost over the World: George H. W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev: Part 2” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please watch Sir David Frost’stwo-part interview (15 minutes and 9 minutes) with Bush and Gorbachev about their recollections of the fall of the Berlin Wall.
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- Web Media: UCTV: University of California, San Diego: “The 60th Anniversary of the People’s Republic of China: Examining the Resilience of Communist Party Rule”
Link: UCTV: University of California, San Diego: “The 60th Anniversary of the People's Republic of China: Examining the Resilience of Communist Party Rule” (Adobe Flash)
Also available in:
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Mp4 Video
Instructions: Please watch this panel discussion (88 minutes) on the longevity of China’s political institutions.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.The Saylor Foundation does not yet have materials for this portion of the course. If you are interested in contributing your content to fill this gap or aware of a resource that could be used here, please submit it here.
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation’s “U.S. Foreign Policy and the Cold War”
Link: The Saylor Foundation’s “U.S. Foreign Policy and the Cold War” (PDF)
Instructions: Please complete the entire assessment. You can check your answers against the Guide to Responding (PDF).See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Luxembourg Institute for European and International Studies: Adrian Pabst’s “The Future Role of Russia in World Politics”
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Unit 6: Fascism and Authoritarianism
Fascism is most often associated with the post-World War I regimes of Germany, Italy, and Spain. Fascism is typified by a combination of fierce nationalism and leadership via “the cult of personality” which together give rise to an authoritarian regime in which persons believed to be outsiders or threats are victimized through systemic and institutional means. In fascist states, the government intertwines itself throughout the fabric of society, controlling education, religion, the media, and business in such a manner that there are no outlets for challenging or seeking relief from the regime. In more recent times, fascist leadership has been seen in Southeast Asia, Central America, and South America.
Unit 6 Time Advisory show close
Unit 6 Learning Outcomes show close
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6.1 Fascism
- Reading: The Library of Economics and Liberty: Sheldon Richman’s “Fascism”
Links: The Library of Economics and Liberty: Sheldon Richman’s “Fascism” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this article.
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- Reading: Rense.com: Dr. Lawrence Britt’s “Fourteen Defining Characteristics of Fascism”
Link: Rense.com: Dr. Lawrence Britt’s “Fourteen Defining Characteristics of Fascism” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this article where Dr. Britt attempts to extract common characteristics from a number of fascist regimes.
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- Reading: Remember.org: Chip Berlet’s “What is Fascism?”
Link: Remember.org: Chip Berlet’s “What is Fascism?” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this article which traces the history of fascism from the French Revolution to World War II.
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- Lecture: Yale University: Professor John Merriman’s “Fascists”
Link: Yale University: Professor John Merriman’s “Fascists” (YouTube)
Also available in:
iTunes U
Quicktime
Mp3
Transcript (HTML)
Instructions: Please watch this lecture (48 minutes). Dr. Merriman discusses how fascism took root amid the political and economic instability of postwar Germany, enabling ideologues like Adolph Hitler rise to power.
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- Lecture: iTunesU: Duke University: Lutz Musner and Carso Maledetto’s “Industrialized Warfare and the Rise of Fascism in Italy”
Link: iTunesU: Duke University: Lutz Musner and Carso Maledetto’s “Industrialized Warfare and the Rise of Fascism in Italy” (iTunes U)
Instructions: Go to the above website and scroll down to podcast #62 to view this lecture (56 minutes).
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- Reading: The Library of Economics and Liberty: Sheldon Richman’s “Fascism”
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6.2 Nazi Germany, Authoritarianism, and Cult of Personality Governance
- Reading: BBC: Jeremy Nokes’ “The Rise of Adolf Hitler”
Link: BBC: Jeremy Nokes’ “The Rise of Adolf Hitler” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this article.
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- Reading: The History Place: “Hitler's Book ‘Mein Kampf’”
Link: The History Place: “Hitler's Book ‘Mein Kampf’” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read the synopsis of Mein Kampf. Written in 1923 while Hitler was imprisoned for a failed coup, the book combines elements of autobiography with an exposition of his political ideology. Mein Kampfwas significant in 1925 because it was an open source for the presentation of Hitler's ideas about the state of the world. The book is significant in our time because a retrospective review of the text reveals the crystallization of Hitler's decision to completely exterminate the Jewish presence in Europe. Due to its racist content and the historical effect of Nazism upon Europe, it is considered a highly controversial book.
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- Reading: BBC: Dr. Geoffrey Megargee’s “Hitler’s Leadership Style”
Link: BBC: Dr. Geoffrey Megargee’s “Hitler's Leadership Style” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this article which assesses Hitler’s effectiveness as a military commander.
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- Reading: Carles Boix and Milan Svolik’s “The Foundations of Limited Authoritarian Government: Institutions and Power-Sharing in Dictatorships”
Link: Carles Boix and Milan Svolik’s “The Foundations of Authoritarian Government: Institutions and Power-Sharing in Dictatorships” (PDF)
Instructions: Click on the link above, scroll down to “The Foundations of Authoritarian Government: Institutions and Power-Sharing in Dictatorships,” and then click that link to read through the article. The authors argue that by facilitating power-sharing, political institutions promote the survival of dictatorships.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.The Saylor Foundation does not yet have materials for this portion of the course. If you are interested in contributing your content to fill this gap or aware of a resource that could be used here, please submit it here.
- Reading: BBC: Jeremy Nokes’ “The Rise of Adolf Hitler”
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Unit 7: Rational Choice Theory, Keynesian Policies, and Distributive Justice
In this unit, we will study additional theories that arose from post-war and economic depression challenges in America and Western Europe. During this post-war and Depression-era, three particularly prominent theories emerged: rational choice, distributive justice, and Keynesian. We will learn about all of these, paying particular attention to the work of John Maynard Keynes and John Rawls, which would form the basis for modern government welfare and foreign aid programs.
Unit 7 Time Advisory show close
Keynes was a British economist who promoted some of the more moderate concepts of socialism, planned economies, and government-sponsored aid to citizens and businesses. During the critical post-WWI era, Keynes argued vehemently that reparations against the Central Powers would lead to both economic collapse and the rise of nationalistic, authoritarian governments. While his warnings were not heeded in the aftermath of World War I, they were key in the formulation of post-World War II reconstruction efforts, such as the Marshall Plan. Keynes also proposed that government should control the actions of citizens and businesses through policies of taxation, and that these policies would lead to greater good for more people than would leaving matters purely to the free market.
Meanwhile, Rawls, a late 20th century political philosopher, promoted a theory in opposition to utilitarian principles—that the first duty of the liberal state was to safeguard the individual's basic civil liberties, and that "the loss of freedom for some" can never be "made right by a greater good shared by others." The primary critics of Keynes and Rawls are Friedrich Hayek and Robert Nozick, whose works you will also read in this unit. Nozick and Hayek advocated classical liberal and utilitarian theories as a solution to modern day problems—however, in modern-day parlance, these men are generally considered conservative or libertarian rather than liberal.
Unit 7 Learning Outcomes show close
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7.1 Keynesian Policies in Government and Economics
- Reading: The Library of Economics and Liberty: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Alan S. Blinder’s “Keynesian Economics”
Link: The Library of Economics and Liberty: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Alan S. Blinder’s “Keynesian Economics” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this article. Keynesian economics served as the economic model during the later part of the Great Depression, World War II, and the post-war economic expansion (1945–1973), though it lost some influence following the stagflation of the 1970s. The onset of the global financial crisis in 2007 has resulted in a resurgence in Keynesian thought.
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- Reading: Mt Holyoke College: The Yale Review: John Maynard Keynes’ “National Self Sufficiency” and Panarchy.org: John Maynard Keynes’ “The End of Laissez-Faire”
Links: Mt Holyoke College: The Yale Review: John Maynard Keynes’ “National Self Sufficiency” (HTML) and Panarchy.org: John Maynard Keynes’ “The End of Laissez-Faire” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read these two documents. In the first article, Keynes argues against free international trade on the grounds that such mobility could endanger peace. In the second piece, he presents a brief historical review of laissez-faire economic policy. Though he agrees in principle that the marketplace should be free of government interference, he suggests that government can play a constructive role in protecting individuals from the worst harms of capitalism's cycles, especially as it relates to unemployment. When the Great Depression struck a few years later, this work seemed very prescient.
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- Reading: Ludwig Von Mises Institute: Friedrich A. Hayek’s “What Price a Planned Economy?” and “Intellectual and Socialism”
Link: Ludwig Von Mises Institute: Friedrich A. Hayek’s “What Price a Planned Economy?” (HTML) and “Intellectuals and Socialism” (PDF)
Instructions: Please read these two articles. The article, “What Price a Planned Economy?” is a direct link. To access “Intellectuals and Socialism,” click the link provided, then scroll down to “Intellectuals and Socialism” and click it. Central to Hayek’s conservative thesis, reflected in the articles, was that government control or intervention in a free market economy only forestalls such economic ailments as inflation, unemployment, recession, or depression.
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- Lecture: Duke University: Bruce Caldwell’s “John Maynard Keynes and Hayek”
Links: Duke University: Bruce Caldwell’s “John Maynard Keynes and Hayek” (YouTube)
Also available in:
iTunes U
Instructions: Please watch this lecture (17 minutes) which compares the economic policies of Keynes and Hayek.
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- Reading: The Library of Economics and Liberty: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Alan S. Blinder’s “Keynesian Economics”
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7.2 Distributive Justice
- Reading: University of Tennessee: Ole Forsberg’s “John Rawls: A Theory of Justice”
Link: University of Tennessee: Ole Forsberg’s “John Rawls: A Theory of Justice” (PDF)
Instructions: When you arrive at the linked page, scroll down to “John Rawls: A Theory of Justice” and click on the link to read the article. The author explores and analyzes Rawls’ theory on the requirements of a just society.
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- Lecture: YouTube: The Open University: Ian Shapiro’s The Moral Foundations of Politics: “The Rawlsian Social Contract” and “Distributive Justice and the Welfare State”
Link: YouTube: The Open University: Ian Shapiro’s The Moral Foundations of Politics: “The Rawlsian Social Contract” and “Distributive Justice and the Welfare State” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch these lectures from Yale University Professor Ian Shapiro on the Rawl’s Social Contract and Robert Nozick’s critique of Rawl’s theories.
Watching these lectures and taking notes should take approximately 2 hours.
Terms of Use: These resources are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. They are attributed to The Open Academy and the original versions can be found here.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Harvard University: Professor Michael Sandel’s “Episode 8: What’s a Fair Start?”
Link: Harvard University: Professor Michael Sandel’s “Episode 8: What's a Fair Start?” (YouTube)
Also available in:
iTunes U
Instructions: Please watch this lecture (55 minutes). Dr. Sandel offers a provocative examination on the “fairness” of societal inequality when applied to Rawls’s theories of distributive justice.
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- Reading: University of Tennessee: Ole Forsberg’s “John Rawls: A Theory of Justice”
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7.3 Rational Choice Theory and Capitalism Revisited
- Reading: John Scott: Understanding Contemporary Society: Theories of The Present: “Rational Choice Theory”
Link: John Scott: Understanding Contemporary Society: Theories of The Present: “Rational Choice Theory” (PDF)
Instructions: Please read the above document. Go to the above website, scroll down the syllabus to the subheading “Readings” and click on the link “Rational Choice.” This will open up the PDF of the book chapter. Rational choice theory (RCT) attempts to explain all social phenomenon in terms of how self-interested individuals make choices under the influence of their preferences. The RCT approach has long been the dominant paradigm in microeconomics, but in recent decades has become more widely used in political science.
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- Reading: NY Times: Morris P. Fiorina and Ian Shapiro’s “Political Scientists Debate Theory of Rational Choice”
Link: NY Times: Morris P. Fiorina and Ian Shapiro’s “Political Scientists Debate Theory of Rational Choice” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this article. Few approaches in political science have generated so much controversy as rational choice theory. Some claim that the approach has made political science scientific; however, its critics argue that it involves unrealistic assumptions about individual behavior. Which claim do you agree with? Why?
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.The Saylor Foundation does not yet have materials for this portion of the course. If you are interested in contributing your content to fill this gap or aware of a resource that could be used here, please submit it here.
- Reading: University of Michigan: Milton Friedman’s “The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase its Profits”
Link: University of Michigan: Milton Friedman’s “The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this article. Friedman, an economist, was the twentieth century’s most prominent advocate of free markets. The argument he presents—the core obligation of business is to act in their shareholders' best interests—remains the basis for many companies' contention today that "corporate social responsibility," serve as a distraction from their primary purpose: profit enhancement.
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- Lecture: iTunesU: Utah Valley University: Elaine Engelhardt’s “Episode 14: Milton Friedman”
Links: iTunesU: Utah Valley University: Elaine Engelhardt’s “Episode 14: Milton Friedman” (iTunes U)
Watch Lecture 14 in this series (58 minutes) on the life and work of Milton Friedman. Note that Lecture 14 is the 15th listed lecture on the page, so click the information link to make sure you have selected the correct lecture.
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- Reading: John Scott: Understanding Contemporary Society: Theories of The Present: “Rational Choice Theory”
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Unit 8: Libertarianism, Neoliberalism, and Neoconservativism
In this unit, we will study the most prominent political ideologies of the United States for the past two decades: neo-liberalism, neo-conservatism, and libertarianism. As you have no doubt deduced from earlier readings in the course, the phrases “liberal” and “conservative” no longer mean what they did during the times of Adam Smith and Edmund Burke. Neoliberals tend to advocate for less government control of social and family issues, but greater government economic and welfare programs. Meanwhile, neoconservatives are first and foremost concerned with national security issues. They tend to see the developing world, particularly Islamic-majority countries, as a threat to the very foundation of America and the world. Libertarians generally follow a mix of strident capitalism and utilitarianism.
Unit 8 Time Advisory show close
In addition to the above ideologies, issues surrounding cultural diversity have become one of the most active areas of contemporary political theory and philosophy. The impact of taking cultural diversity seriously in modern political societies has led to challenges to the dominance of liberal theory and to a more serious engagement of political theory with actual political struggles.
Unit 8 Learning Outcomes show close
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8.1 Neo-Liberalism
- Reading: Global Issues’ version of Anup Shah’s “A Primer on Neo-Liberalism”
Link: Global Issues’ version of Anup Shah’s “A Primer on Neo-Liberalism” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this article.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: LeMonde Diplomatique (English Edition): Pierre Bourdieu’s “The Essence of Neo-Liberalism”
Link: LeMonde Diplomatique (English Edition): Pierre Bourdieu’s “The Essence of Neo-Liberalism” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this article. Bourdieu was a fierce critic of neoliberalism.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: UC Santa Barbara: Tariq Ali’s “Rights and Needs: Neo-Liberalism, Democracy, and Military Humanism”
Link: UC Santa Barbara: Tariq Ali’s “Rights and Needs: Neo-Liberalism, Democracy, and Military Humanism” (iTunes U)
Also available in:
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Mp3
Mp4 Video
Instructions: Please watch thislecture (59 minutes).
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Global Issues’ version of Anup Shah’s “A Primer on Neo-Liberalism”
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8.2 Neo-Conservatism
- Reading: The Weekly Standard: Irving Kristol’s “The Neoconservative Persuasion”
Link: The Weekly Standard: Irving Kristol’s “The Neoconservative Persuasion” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this article.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Project for a New American Century (PNAC): “Statement of Principles (2007)” “Rebuilding America’s Defenses (2000)”
Links: Project for a New American Century (PNAC): “Statement of Principles (2007)” (HTML) and “Rebuilding America's Defenses (2000)” (PDF)
Instructions: Please read these two documents. The now-defunct PNAC was founded by neoconservatives William Kristol and Robert Kagan and, it should be noted, has a distinct ideological purview.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpages above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: C-SPAN: Dr. Samuel Huntington’s “The Clash of Civilizations?”
Links: C-SPAN: Dr. Samuel Huntington’s “The Clash of Civilizations?” (Adobe Flash)
Instructions: Please watch the video linked above (67 minutes). Dr. Huntington’s controversial “clash of civilizations” theory posits the notion that people’s cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world. His theory has fallen under the stern critique of various academic writers.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpages above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: iTunesU: Georgetown University: Bassam Tibi’s “Episode 13: From Cultural Tensions to Political Conflict: A Dimension of the War of Ideas”
Link: iTunesU: Georgetown University: Bassam Tibi’s “Episode 13: From Cultural Tensions to Political Conflicts: A Dimension of the War of Ideas” (iTunes U)
Instructions: Please watch this lecture (56 minutes). Dr. Tibi discusses how disagreements over values systems between Islam and the West are not a "clash of civilizations," but can be resolved through intra-civilizational dialogue.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Weekly Standard: Irving Kristol’s “The Neoconservative Persuasion”
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8.3 Libertarianism
- Reading: The Library of Economics and Liberty’s version of Ludwig Van Mises’ “Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis”
Link: The Library of Economics and Liberty’s version of Ludwig Van Mises’ “Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis” (HTML)
Also available in:
Kindle ($8.91)
Instructions: Please read this document. von Mises, an Austrian economist and libertarian, offers a definitive refutation of nearly every type of socialism ever devised.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Library of Economics and Liberty’s version of Arnold Kling’s “Liberals and Markets”
Link: The Library of Economics and Liberty’s version of Arnold Kling’s “Liberals and Markets” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this document.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: Stanford University: Hoover Institute: “Take It to the Limits: Milton Friedman on Libertarianism”
Link: YouTube: Hoover Institute: “Take It to the Limits: Milton Friedman on Libertarianism” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please watch Part 1 of this interview (26 minutes) with Friedman, who discusses the central tenets of the libertarian movement and its application to issues facing the U.S. today.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpages above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Library of Economics and Liberty’s version of Ludwig Van Mises’ “Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis”
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8.4 Multiculturalism
- Reading: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy’s “Multiculturalism”
Link: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy’s “Multiculturalism” (HTML)
Instructions: Read the above article, which will provide you with some background on the definition and contemporary debate over multiculturalism.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Essays in Philosophy: Anke Schuster’s “Does Liberalism Need Multiculturalism? A Critique of Liberal Multiculturalism”
Link: Essays in Philosophy: Anke Schuster’s “Does Liberalism Need Multiculturalism? A Critique of Liberal Multiculturalism” (PDF)
Instructions: Go to the above website and click on the title of the essay to be directed to its PDF.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpages above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: YouTube: London School of Economics: “Multiculturalism in the 21st Century”
Link: YouTube: London School of Economics: “Multiculturalism in the 21st Century” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please watch the interview (7 minutes) with Professor Chandran Kukathas.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpages above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation’s “Political Ideologies: A Comparison”
Link: The Saylor Foundation’s “Political Ideologies: A Comparison” (PDF)
Instructions: Please complete the entire assessment. You can check your answers against the Guide to Responding (PDF).See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy’s “Multiculturalism”
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Final Exam
- Final Exam: The Saylor Foundation's POLSC302 Final Exam
Link: The Saylor Foundation's POLSC302 Final Exam
Instructions: You must be logged into your Saylor Foundation School account in order to access this exam. If you do not yet have an account, you will be able to create one, free of charge, after clicking the link.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Final Exam: The Saylor Foundation's POLSC302 Final Exam
Questions? Consult the FAQ's!


