European Politics
Purpose of Course showclose
The study of Europe, and its role in the world today, is a story of both tragedy and triumph. From the ashes of centuries of continental conflict through two World Wars and finally into integration by invitation, the European continent has taken what some have deemed the first tentative steps away from the jealously guarded system of sovereign independent states. With each shaky step away from its near five-hundred-year-old origins in the bosom of Kantian ideals and the Westphalia system (see works cited for Perpetual Peace by Immanuel Kant; the Westphalia system will be discussed in Unit 1), the continent finds itself in conflict with the very nature of its original intent. Over the past half century, we have seen Europe move away from the world of nation-states and embrace the still largely undefined and constantly evolving idea of member-states.
Yet, Europe and the many states within her bounds also guard their position within the realm of international society. With states flinching away from cultural encroachment and protecting traditional (and often nationalistic) values, the European experiment has many challenges ahead of it still. Even as the debate between “pooled sovereignty” (the idea of sharing decision-making power between nation-states) and a “common market” (the idea of eliminating or reducing trade barriers and having a common approach to external trade within a group of nation-states) winds itself to a shaky but predicted close, the idea of Europe has taken on new meaning with fast growing minorities, the inclusion of much of the former Soviet Eastern Bloc, the aging of social capitalism, and questions of what it means to be a European and how Europe positions itself in a globalized world.
This course will examine the European experiment, paying particular attention to its process of integration into the most powerful supranational entity to have ever existed: the European Union. We will look at this process and a sampling of its key component historical and political units with a few particular questions in mind: Why has this happened in Europe and not elsewhere in the world? Why is it happening now? How has this process impacted the way the world does business? What possible conclusion can we expect?
The course is divided into four broadly connected yet unique sections that will help us along our journey toward understanding how Europe works. In Unit One, we will examine how Europe emerged from the Wars of Religion and developed into the system of sovereign states that eventually, through centuries of conflict, would become the Europe we know today. This will provide important insight into why Europe willingly united despite numerous efforts to accomplish the goal by force. In Unit Two, we will look at the broadening and deepening of the European Union in the post-World War II environment. As part of this unit, we will touch on the key institutions that define the EU and the key policies from which European states have willingly pooled their sovereignty. Unit Three offers a sampling of the major states that make up the EU, or, as in the case of Russia and Turkey, help define larger European dynamics. We will divide this section into “Old” and “New” to delineate traditional centers of European power from emerging states within modern European politics. Finally, in Unit Four, the course will take on a sample of important contemporary issues that the EU and Europe face. From the graying of much of Western Europe to integration issues facing minority populations, this section hopes to tackle many of the challenges that stand in the way of the next steps in European Integration. We will end this final unit, and the course, by examining the idea of European identity and asking how Europe’s post-modern ideals may challenge to the modern world.
Learning Outcomes showclose
- Summarize the emergence of modern Europe and the challenge of competing European nationalisms and nation states to European peace and prosperity.
- Describe the emergence of the post World War II European peace project that has taken primary form in the development of the contemporary institutions of the European Union while addressing the public and foreign policy issue areas of primary concern to Europeans, including economic, development, and security issues.
- Assess the challenges confronting traditional national state identity among the political communities of West Europe since World War II, which has gained renewed focus with the end of the Cold War and the re-emergence of the question of the relationship of Western Europe to Eastern Europe.
- Analyze the international and national public policy challenges that continue to determine both the policy agenda within the European Union and the institutional evolution of the European Union to meet these challenges.
Course Requirements showclose
√ Have access to a computer
√ Have continuous broadband internet access
√ Have the ability/permission to install plug-ins or software (e.g. Adobe Reader of Flash)
√ Have the ability to download and save files and documents to a computer
√ Have the ability to open Microsoft files and documents (.doc, .ppt, .xls, etc.)
√ Be competent in the English language
√ Have read the Saylor Student Handbook.
√ Have completed all courses listed in “The Core Program” of the Political Science Major
Unit Outline show close
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Unit 1: Europe: History and Content
In this unit, we will begin to discuss the idea of Europe. The idea of Europe has a beginning as much as it has an end. In this unit, we will look at key historical epochs in European history in order to better understand the development of the European identity. In a course of this nature, we can begin at almost any point in Europe’s past depending on what we hope to get at. Even as we learn history for the analogies that help us better understand the present, we must be mindful that, at best, we can only reach an approximation of the times that existed. For Europe, we are lucky to have several good points in history that will offer us a better understanding of the nature of the European experience and the foundations of the European Union. The history of Europe plays a very important role in what it means to be a European. You will discover that experience and time have created the unique set of variables that define modern Europe.
Unit 1 Time Advisory show close
To start, we will explore the geography of the European continent in order to better understand the lay of the land that has played such an important role in European development. From there, we will begin our exploration of European history with the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 that ended the Thirty Years War and the lesser known Eighty Years War. This important demarcation point marks the effective end of the Holy Roman Empire on the European continent and the birth of the modern nation-state. The 18th Century was a period of consolidation and definition of the nation-state as actors within Europe took part in Balance of Power games in what has been termed the Stately Quadrille. However, by the end of the French Revolution (1789-1799) and the beginning of the Concert of Europe (1815), we see Balance of Power games as maneuvers for power and also as diplomatic means to preserve the peace. This 19th Century European system, although in decline from roughly 1850 onward, would eventually meet its complete collapse with the advent of World I and emerge from the interwar period and World War II fundamentally altered. At this stage, Europe seemingly looked back upon its history of violence and empire, destruction and power, and developed a will for a new way of doing business. It was through this long experience of war and trial that Europe arrived at the Cold War and the beginning of the modern European system. However, this new Europe had divided loyalties between the Soviet Union in the east and the offshore balancer, the United States. Finally, with the end of the Cold War and the growing closeness of European cooperation, we find that deeper questions concerning European integration and the role of the nation-state need to be answered. These questions ultimately focus on the challenge of shifting the fundamental loyalty of Europeans away from their nation states towards an emphasis on loyalty to Europe as an integral community.
Unit 1 Learning Outcomes show close
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1.1 Introduction: The Importance of Geography
- Reading: Harper College: Professor Mark Healy’s "Europe: Physical Geography"
Link: Harper College: Professor Mark Healy’s "Europe: Physical Geography" (HTML)
Instructions: Please read through the brief webpage, and click on the embedded hyperlinks for illustrations of the geographic features of Europe.
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- Reading: The National Research Council’s “The Geography of Europe (1918)”
Link: The National Research Council’s “The Geography of Europe (1918)” (HTML, PDF, EPub, or Kindle)
Instructions: On the left side of the website in the “View Book” box, click on the hyperlink for your preferred method of accessing the text (i.e. read online, PDF, etc.). Please read this booklet survey of Europe at the end of World War I from pages 11 through 34. It is descriptive of the climate and geography of Europe. (Much of the material consists of problem questions for homework, which you do not need to do.)
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- Reading: Harper College: Professor Mark Healy’s "Europe: Physical Geography"
- 1.2 The Development of the European State System
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1.2.1 The Peace of Westphalia of 1648
- Reading: Institute for International Law and Justice: “The Peace of Westphalia as a Secular Constitution”
Link: Institute for International Law and Justice: “The Peace of Westphalia as a Secular Constitution” (PDF)
Instructions: Click on the above link. Scroll down the webpage about ¾ of the way to the link titled “2008 “The Peace of Westphalia as a Secular Constitution,” Constellations 15, no. 2 (2008), pp. 173-188.” Click on the link, and read the article. The article summarizes the political significance of the Peace of Westphalia ending the “Thirty Years War” for the development of the modern Europe state. It established in European law the principle of the separation of the public sphere from the private sphere in the governance of community affairs. It also formally acknowledged the end of Papal authority over secular state rulers and laid the legal foundation for the principle of the ultimate authority of state authorities over the people and affairs of their respective territories.
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- Lecture: Yale University: John Merriman’s “Absolutism and the State”
Link: Yale University: John Merriman’s “Absolutism and the State” (YouTube)
Also available in:
HTML, Adobe Flash, Quicktime, or Mp3
Instructions: Please watch this entire video lecture (45 minutes).
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- Reading: Institute for International Law and Justice: “The Peace of Westphalia as a Secular Constitution”
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1.2.2 The 18th Century European State System
- Reading: Mount Holyoke: Professor Robert Schwartz’s “Perspectives on International Relations in the 18th Century”
Link: Mount Holyoke: Professor Robert Schwartz’s “Perspectives on International Relations in the 18th Century” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this brief webpage. It will give you a broad overview of the political leaders and trends of the time. The webpage starts with a reference to political attitudes of Europeans and Amerindians from the beginning of the modern period to the present along with the development of Europe and North America.
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- Reading: H. Morse Stephen’s “Syllabus of a Course of Twelve Lectures on the Enlightened Despotism of the Eighteenth Century in Europe (1905)”
Link: H. Morse Stephen’s “Syllabus of a Course of Twelve Lectures on the Enlightened Despotism of the Eighteenth Century in Europe (1905)” (HTML, PDF, EPub, or Kindle)
Instructions: On the right side of the webpage under “Read,” click on the hyperlink “PDF” or “Reading Online” to access the text in the format you prefer (about 40 short pages of easy to read text). Please read this short booklet, summarizing twelve lectures on 18th century Europe and the Age of Absolutism during the Enlightenment.
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- Reading: EGO: Robert von Friedeburg’s “State Forms and State Systems in Modern Europe”
Link: EGO: Robert von Friedeburg’s “State Forms and State Systems in Modern Europe” (HTML)
Instructions: Click on the above link. Read the article on this website for a summary of the major international political developments in European regional relations in the eighteenth century, namely, the defeat of France in the Seven Years’ War and the rise of Prussia and Russia to create a system of 5 “great powers” dominating Europe (and the world) until World War I.
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- Lecture: Yale University: John Merriman’s "The Enlightenment and the Public Sphere"
Link: Yale University: John Merriman’s "The Enlightenment and the Public Sphere" (YouTube)
Also available in:
HTML, Mp3, Adobe Flash, or Quicktime
Instructions: Please watch this entire video lecture (48 minutes).
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- Reading: Mount Holyoke: Professor Robert Schwartz’s “Perspectives on International Relations in the 18th Century”
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1.2.3 The 19th Century European State System
- Reading: University of Helsinki: Martti Koskenniemi’s “The Legacy of the 19th Century”
Link: University of Helsinki: Martti Koskenniemi’s “The Legacy of the 19th Century” (PDF)
Instructions: Click on the above link. Scroll down (about half-way) to “Legacy of the 19th Century,” and click on the hyperlink to read the PDF file. The article highlights the development of modern international law out of the international legal thinking of the 19th century in response to the development of the modern sovereign European state along with the expansion of European empires internationally. The author claims that sovereignty as a concept originally did have a connotation of social responsibility as a binding obligation on the state which was subsequently superseded by a focus on nationalism.
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- Lecture: Yale University: John Merriman’s “The Coming of the Great War”
Link: Yale University: John Merriman’s “The Coming of the Great War” (YouTube)
Also available in:
HTML, Mp3, Adobe Flash, and Quicktime
iTunes U
Instructions: Please watch this entire video lecture(48 minutes).
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- Reading: University of Helsinki: Martti Koskenniemi’s “The Legacy of the 19th Century”
- 1.3 A Divided Continent
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1.3.1 Era of Global War: 1900-1945
- Reading: Scribd.com: John Baylis and Steve Smith, ed.’s The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations: Susan L. Carruthers’s “International History: 1900-45”
Link: Scribd.com: John Baylis and Steve Smith, ed.’s The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations: Susan L. Carruthers’s “International History: 1900-45” (HTML)
Instructions: Click on the above link. Then, scroll down to p. 51 to read Susan L. Carruthers’s “International History: 1900-45.” Please read this chapter in its entirety.
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- Reading: Scribd.com: John Baylis and Steve Smith, ed.’s The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations: Susan L. Carruthers’s “International History: 1900-45”
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1.3.2 The Cold War Years: 1945-1990
- Reading: Scribd.com: John Baylis and Steve Smith, ed.’s The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations: Len Scott’s “International History: 1945-90” and Richard Crockatt’s “The End of the Cold War” and Michael Cox’s “International History since 1989”
Link: Scribd.com: John Baylis and Steve Smith, ed.’s The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations ”Len Scott’s “International History: 1945-90” and Richard Crockatt’s “The End of the Cold War and Michael Cox’s “International History since 1989” (HTML)
Instructions: Click on the above link. Then, scroll down to read the following chapters: scroll down to p.74 to read Len Scott’s “International History: 1945-90,” then scroll down to p. 92 to read Richard Crockatt’s “The End of the Cold War,” and then scroll down to p. 111 to read Michael Cox’s “International History since 1989.”
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- Reading: Scribd.com: John Baylis and Steve Smith, ed.’s The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations: Len Scott’s “International History: 1945-90” and Richard Crockatt’s “The End of the Cold War” and Michael Cox’s “International History since 1989”
- 1.4 The End of the Nation State?
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1.4.1 Closer Integration
- Reading: Mount Holyoke’s version of Immanuel Kant’s “Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (1795)”
Link: Mount Holyoke’s version of Immanuel Kant’s “Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (1795)” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this foundational essay on a strategy for European integration.
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- Reading: Mount Holyoke’s version of Immanuel Kant’s “Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (1795)”
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1.4.2 The United States of Europe or Confederation?
- Reading: Business Insider: Cullen Roche’s “On the Likelihood of a United States of Europe”
Link: Business Insider: Cullen Roche’s “On the Likelihood of a United States of Europe” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read the brief article.
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- Reading: Business Insider: Cullen Roche’s “On the Likelihood of a United States of Europe”
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1.4.3 The End of Sovereignty?
- Lecture: iTunes U: Stanford University: James Sheehan’s "The Future of Sovereignty: The European Model"
Link: iTunes U: Stanford University: James Sheehan’s "The Future of Sovereignty: The European Model" (iTunes U)
Instructions: Click on the above iTunes U link to Stanford University professor James Sheehan's lecture entitled "The Future of Sovereignty: The European Model," part of the course entitled "History of the International System." Listen to the entire 47:28 lecture. As you are listening, ask yourself (and identify how Professor Sheehan answers) the following questions:
1) What makes Europe distinct, even unique, in international relations?
2) Can the European model be replicated elsewhere, or is it sui generis (self-generated)?
3) What are the defining characteristics of sovereignty, and how might they be changing in Europe?
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- Lecture: iTunes U: Stanford University: James Sheehan’s "The Future of Sovereignty: The European Model"
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Unit 2: The European Union
In this unit, we will explore the institutions and policies of the European Union. The European Union represents the collective economic and political effort of 27 member states as of the inclusion of Bulgaria and Romania in 2007. However, the European continent is largely represented by the EU as a political and economic whole in that all European states have some degree of connection to this supranational entity though not all states in Europe are members. As the EU moves, so does Europe as a whole, with a few notable exceptions (namely, Russia and Turkey).
Unit 2 Time Advisory show close
Of course, the history of the EU does not begin in the present. In this unit, you will find that the idea of a modern Europe largely began in the ashes of what was discussed in Unit 1: The Peace of Westphalia, the development of the nation-state, and the wars of centuries of attempted Empire. After the end of World War II, a new idea of what Europe could be began to develop, marking the beginnings of the peaceful integration of the continent. This modern start surfaced with the 1952 European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and continued on until its present condition.
In Unit 2, we will first look at the expansion and growth of European cooperation and the direction that growth may take in the future. We will then glance at the various key institutions of the EU with an eye on the limits they have and the reason why they were included in the various treaties and agreements under which they were developed. We will conclude with a discussion of the major policy areas covered under the auspices of the EU and a current perspective on the degree to which they represent the policies of European states. Note that EU institutions evolve and change to meet public policy challenges which are often unexpected. Examples here include the renewed focus on internal security and greater emphasis on EU border control following the terrorist attacks in the United States on 11 September 2001.
Unit 2 Learning Outcomes show close
- 2.1 History and Future
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2.1.1 European Union: What It Is and Is Not
- Reading: Europa: European Communities’ “How the European Union Works: Your Guide to the EU Institutions”
Link: Europa: European Communities’ “How the European Union Works: Your Guide to the EU Institutions” (PDF)
Instructions: Please read this very short explanation of the content of the booklet introduced here. Then, click on the PDF icon to download the full, illustrated document (52 pages). Read and study this document at the website called “Europa,” the official web site of the European Union. It provides a summary of the basic facts of the European Union as it exists today.
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- Reading: Europa: European Communities’ “How the European Union Works: Your Guide to the EU Institutions”
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2.1.2 The Post War Beginnings
- Reading: European Navigator: Historical Events: “Introduction,” “1945-1949 The Pioneering Phase,” and “1950-1956 The Formation of the Community of Europe”
Link: European Navigator: Historical Events: “Introduction,” “1945-1949 The Pioneering Phase,” and “1950-1956 The Formation of the Community of Europe” (HTML, Adobe Flash)
Instructions: Read the synopses, and then click on the “Historical Events” file in the table of contents on the left side of the webpage. Click on the “Introduction,” and “1945-1949” and also click on “1950-1956” files, but read only through all the files under the subheading “The Birth of the European Community,” and read each webpage synopsis for the files. Peruse the files which are news reports, editorial cartoons, and important declarations to get a picture of the politics involved in the beginning of the European integration movement after World War II.
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- Reading: European Navigator: Historical Events: “Introduction,” “1945-1949 The Pioneering Phase,” and “1950-1956 The Formation of the Community of Europe”
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2.1.3 Deeper and Wider: From ECSC to European Union
- Reading: European Navigator: Historical Events: From “The 1950-1956: The Formation of the Community of Europe” to “1998-2009: The Unification of Europe”
Link: European Navigator: Historical Events: From “1950-1956: The Formation of the Community of Europe” to “1998-2009: The Unification of Europe” (HTML, Adobe Flash)
Instructions: Return again to the Historical Events folder by clicking on the “Historical Events” file in the table of contents on the left side of the webpage. Click again on “1950-56: the formation of the Community of Europe,” and start reading from the subfolder “The Organisation of Common Defence” to all files under “1998-2009 The Unification of Europe” (inclusive). Read the synopses and open all of the files containing short texts, political placards, editorial cartoons, and short speeches, focusing on the English language items.
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- Reading: European Navigator: Historical Events: From “The 1950-1956: The Formation of the Community of Europe” to “1998-2009: The Unification of Europe”
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2.1.4 The Treaty of Lisbon and Next Steps
- Web Media: YouTube: “EU's Barroso Thanks Ireland after Yes Vote”
Link: YouTube: “EU's Barroso Thanks Ireland after Yes Vote” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please watch this very short news report (1:27 minutes). All EU member states approved the Treaty of Lisbon, which consequently came into force in December 2009.
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- Reading: Wikipedia: “Treaty of Lisbon”
Link: Wikipedia: “Treaty of Lisbon” (PDF)
Instructions: Read the Wikipedia entry for “Treaty of Lisbon” for a historical summary overview of the development of the international legal treaty development of the European Union. Please feel free to click on any embedded hyperlinks that interest you. (15 minutes)
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- Reading: Europa: European Commission’s “Your Guide to the Lisbon Treaty”
Link: Europa: European Commission’s “Your Guide to the Lisbon Treaty” (PDF)
Instructions: Please click on the PDF icon to download the file, and read this simple document in its entirety (20 pages) for a summary of the aims of the Treaty of Lisbon.
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- Web Media: YouTube: IIEA’s “Justice and Home Affairs”
Link: YouTube: IIEA’s “Justice and Home Affairs” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please watch the short video on YouTube (about 6:48 minutes). Please note that the video was prepared by an EU policy analysis institute in Ireland.
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- Web Media: YouTube: “EU's Barroso Thanks Ireland after Yes Vote”
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2.2 Institutions
- Web Media: YouTube: “The EU Parliament and the Treaty of Lisbon”
Link: YouTube: “The EU Parliament and the Treaty of Lisbon” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please watch this short video. (6:46 minutes)
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- Web Media: YouTube: “The EU Parliament and the Treaty of Lisbon”
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2.2.1 The European Parliament
- Reading: The European Parliament’s “The European Parliament – Working for You”
Link: The European Parliament’s “The European Parliament – Working for You” (PDF)
Instructions: Scroll down to the bottom of the webpage, and click on the link titled “The European Parliament – Working for You” to download the PDF file. Read this brochure, which is an introductory overview of the European Parliament written for a citizen of the European Union, in its entirety (60 pages).
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- Reading: The European Parliament’s “The European Parliament – Working for You”
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2.2.2 The European Council
- Reading: European Council’s “The European Council in 2010”
Link: European Council’s “The European Council in 2010” (PDF)
Instructions: Scroll down to the bottom of the webpage, and click on “Download the brochure here” to access the text. Please read this brochure (50 pages) for a summary of the activity of the European Council in 2010 in its 7 meetings in addressing both the ongoing and unforeseen major regional and international challenges confronting the EU in 2010. The European Council is the institutional forum for the formal decision making body of the European Union consisting of the Heads of State and Government of the 27 Member States of the European Union, chaired by the President of the European Council, with the President of the European Commission also a member. The Treaty of Lisbon, which came into effect on 1 December 2009, formally institutionalized the European Council as one of the seven institutional bodies constituting the government framework of the European Union.
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- Reading: European Council’s “The European Council in 2010”
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2.2.3 The Council of the European Union
- Reading: Council of the European Union’s “Guide to the Ordinary Legislative Procedure”
Link: Council of the European Union’s “Guide to the Ordinary Legislative Procedure” (PDF)
Instructions: Please scroll down to “Guide to the Ordinary Legislative Procedure,” and click on “Download” after “Available in PDF format. Read this brochure (60 pages) for a description of the role of the Council of the European Union in the legislative process and procedure used in making EU policy for the great majority of EU law as a bicameral chamber alongside the European Parliament. The “ordinary legislative procedure” covers most EU law, which is concentrated in the European Union’s international and internal economic policy and in EU internal policing and border control policy as the “area of freedom, justice and security.”
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- Reading: Council of the European Union’s “Guide to the Ordinary Legislative Procedure”
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2.2.4 The European Commission
- Reading: Europa: “The European Commission”
Link: Europa: “The European Commission” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read the webpage in its entirety. The European Commission is the executive arm of the European Union but it functions through political collaboration with the member states that by agreement created the European Commission to facilitate their cooperation and integration.
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- Reading: Europa: “The European Commission”
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2.2.5 The Court of Justice of the European Union
- Reading: Curia: “Court of Justice”
Link: Curia: “Court of Justice” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this webpage in its entirety for a detailed introductory overview of the historical role of the Court of Justice, focusing on the development of EU law through land mark decisions.
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- Reading: Curia: “Court of Justice”
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2.2.6 European Central Bank
- Reading: European Central Bank’s “FACTS Slides”
Link: European Central Bank’s “FACTS Slides” (Zip, Microsoft Powerpoint)
Instructions: Access the five sets of slides under “Download Slides” by clicking on “Download .zip” hyperlink for each. Please study these slides carefully.
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- Reading: European Central Bank’s “FACTS Slides”
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2.2.7 Court of Auditors
- Reading: EU Bookshop: “The European Union Court of Auditors: the European Union’s External Auditor”
Link: EU Bookshop: “The European Union Court of Auditors: the European Union’s External Auditor” (PDF)
Instructions: Click on the “Download” button at the bottom of the webpage to download the PDF file. Please read the brochure to gain an introduction to the European Union’s main auditing body for ensuring that EU funds allocated are monitored.
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- Reading: EU Bookshop: “The European Union Court of Auditors: the European Union’s External Auditor”
- 2.3 Policies and Politics
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2.3.1 The Advent of a Public and Social Policy
- Reading: Europa: European Communities’ “European Employment and Social Policy: a Policy for People”
Link: Europa: European Communities’ “European Employment and Social Policy: a Policy for People” (PDF)
Instructions: Please click on the “PDF” icon to download the file, and read the booklet to gain an introduction to the European Union’s commitment to create an employment and social policy, which became EU wide with the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997.
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- Reading: Europa: European Communities’ “European Employment and Social Policy: a Policy for People”
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2.3.2 Economic and Monetary Union
- Reading: Europa: European Commission’s “Going for Growth - The Economy of the EU”
Link: Europa: European Commission’s “Going for Growth - The Economy of the EU” (PDF or Microsoft Word)
Instructions: Click on the PDF icon to download “Going for Growth --The Economy of the EU.” Please read the booklet in its entirety (28 pages) to gain an introduction to the European Union’s commitment to create a single economic and monetary space, culminating in the creation of the Euro in 1999.
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- Reading: Europa: European Commission’s “Going for Growth - The Economy of the EU”
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2.3.3 The Common Agriculture Policy
- Reading: Europa: “Policy Areas: Agriculture”
Link: Europa: “Policy Areas: Agriculture” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read the “Overview” section. Then, also click on the “Legislation” and “More Information” tabs and read these webpages. This reading will provide an introduction to the European Union’s commitment to a common agricultural policy as a cornerstone of EU economic integration, as a foundation for European political cooperation, and as a principle of rural social development.
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- Web Media: YouTube: “EU Set for New Debate on Cutting Farm Subsidies”
Link: YouTube: “EU Set for New Debate on Cutting Farm Subsidies” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please watch the short news video on the Common Agriculture Policy (7:55 minutes).
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- Reading: Europa: “Policy Areas: Agriculture”
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2.3.4 Environmental Policy
- Reading: Europa: European Communities’ “Combating Climate Change: Europe Leads the Way”
Link: Europa: European Communities’ “Combating Climate Change: Europe Leads the Way” (PDF or Microsoft Word)
Instructions: Click on the “PDF” icon to download the PDF file. Please read this booklet, outlining the EU policy efforts to address the challenge of global climate change.
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- Reading: Europa: European Communities’ “Combating Climate Change: Europe Leads the Way”
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2.3.5 Foreign Policy and EU Relations with the United States
- Reading: Europa: European Communities’ “The EU in the World: The Foreign Policy of the European Union”
Link: Europa: European Communities’ “The EU in the World: The Foreign Policy of the European Union” (PDF or Microsoft Word)
Instructions: Please read this document for an overview of the foreign policy of the European Union.
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- Reading: Europa: European Communities’ “The EU in the World: The Foreign Policy of the European Union”
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2.3.6 Cohesion and Regional Policy
- Reading: Europa: “Policy Areas: Regional Policy”
Link: Europa: “Policy Areas: Regional Policy” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read the “Overview” webpage, and then click on the tabs for “Legislation” and “More Information” and read each of those webpages. This reading will provide an overview of the European Union’s policy of reducing European regional economic disparities to support European political integration.
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- Reading: Europa: “Policy Areas: Regional Policy”
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Unit 3: Case Studies in European Policies
Unit 3 covers specific case studies in European politics as well as the EU as a whole. We take as our perspective the classification of Europe as either Old Europe or New Europe (a distinction made popular by U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Rumsfeld). In many ways, other than his context in reference to the lead up to the invasion of Iraq in 2003, this division makes sense. In the post Cold War environment, Old Europe represented the mostly Western European powers that escaped the clutches of the old Iron Curtain and are often considered the traditional centers of power of European governance. Of "Old Europe,” Germany, France, and the United Kingdom are perhaps the best representative samples of leading powers. We include Russia in this context because of the very traditional state power role that it has played in European politics, as one of the five great powers since at least the 1800s.
Unit 3 Time Advisory show close
In this context, “New Europe” is a reflection of the many states that have spun off of the collapse of the Soviet Union. As these states began to find a role of their own in the politics of Europe rather than simply being satellites for the Soviets, they fundamentally changed the balance of power in European politics and within the EU. We will include Poland in our discussion because of its ascension into the EU in 2004 and the impact its population has made on the distribution of power in EU politics. Ukraine is another good example to explore, because it is the second largest state in Europe and resides in a place of strategic importance as the gateway of Russian energy supplies into the EU proper. With both the EU and the government of Ukraine desiring closer ties and eventual integration, Ukraine is an important test case for the relationship between Russia and the EU. Finally, we will take a look at Turkey, a growing power that seemingly rests both in Europe and the Middle East. The question of Turkey in Europe and as a potential EU member-state provides an import test case for the role of culture and values in the European experiment. Its potential inclusion begs the question: "What does it mean to be a European?" European nationalism has played a paradoxical role in European integration. French nationalism, for example, has both promoted and hindered European integration, while German political identity has taken a civilian form which the European integration project has facilitated. It will continue to be a critical political force determining the direction and characteristics of European integration.
Unit 3 Learning Outcomes show close
- 3.1 Old Europe
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3.1.1 Germany as a Civilian Power
- Reading: CAIRN.Info: Karen E. Smith’s “Beyond the Civilian Power EU Debate”
Link: CAIRN.Info: Karen E. Smith’s Beyond the Civilian Power EU Debate” (HTML or PDF)
Instructions: Please read the article for an overview of German foreign policy since World War II until the wars in the former Yugoslavia, which marked a watershed in German foreign policy. In Yugoslavia, Germany deployed and threatened the use of deadly force since the Second World War to enforce a peace settlement among the warring parties in Kosovo, an area outside of NATO’s traditional area of operations. Subsequently, Germany would also deploy forces in Afghanistan as part of NATO, while refusing to deploy forces in Iraq. Germany now has troops deployed in several ‘out of area’ operations. Germany’s transition into a ‘civilian power’ has happened under the aegis of European integration, but the author concludes that the EU is no longer a ‘civilian power.’
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- Reading: CAIRN.Info: Karen E. Smith’s “Beyond the Civilian Power EU Debate”
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3.1.2 The French Exception: The Power of Identity
- Reading: The Political Studies Association: Helen Drake’s “Sarkozy, France, and ‘Political Europe’”
Link: The Political Studies Association: Helen Drake’s “Sarkozy, France, and ‘Political Europe’” (PDF)
Instructions: Please scroll down the webpage until you reach Helen Drake’s “Sarkozy, France and ‘political Europe’” (note the authors are listed alphabetically by last name). Click on the “View” hyperlink for this title, and read this conference paper in its entirety. It summarizes the strategy of France to find a place for French nationalism in Europe since World War II within the context of European integration.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.The Saylor Foundation does not yet have materials for this portion of the course. If you are interested in contributing your content to fill this gap or aware of a resource that could be used here, please submit it here.
- Reading: The Political Studies Association: Helen Drake’s “Sarkozy, France, and ‘Political Europe’”
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3.1.3 UK: Transnational Bridge to the U.S.
- Reading: Johns Hopkins University, “The U.S.-U.K. ‘Special Relationship’: The End of the Affair?”
Link: Johns Hopkins University, Eric Edelman’s: “The U.S.-U.K. ‘Special Relationship’: The End of the Affair?” (PDF)
Instructions: Please read the text in its entirety (36 pages) by clicking on the arrow keys to move to each subsequent page, or you may click on “download here” to access the PDF file in the paragraph discussing Eric Edelman. This is a lecture covering the history of the political relationship between the US and the United Kingdom, which developed into a close alliance that has lasted since the early twentieth century. The lecture was delivered by Eric S. Edelman on November 10, 2009 at Johns Hopkins University, SAIS.
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- Reading: Johns Hopkins University, “The U.S.-U.K. ‘Special Relationship’: The End of the Affair?”
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3.1.4 Russia: The Defense of Sovereignty
- Reading: ISN, Center for Security Studies: Andrei Kokoshin’s "Real Sovereignty and Sovereign Democracy”
Link: ISN, Center for Security Studies: Andrei Kokoshin’s "Real Sovereignty and Sovereign Democracy” (PDF)
Instructions: Please click on the PDF icon after “Download” in the middle of the webpage to open the PDF file. Read the file in its entirety (14 pages). Written by a Russian author, this article presents the prevailing view among the Russian political authorities of the challenges Russia has faced since the disintegration of the USSR in 1991. In addition to security challenges to Russia’s territorial boundaries in the Chechnya, it also highlights the challenges from Russia’s comparative economic underdevelopment as a source of weakness in maintaining Russian sovereignty over its vast territory rich in natural resources. (Note: the reading for Ukraine in subunit 3.2.2 illustrates how powerful nationalist political interests within Russia view Russia as having special access rights to the territory of countries belonging to the former USSR, especially to the territory of the other Slavic states, Belarus, and Ukraine.)
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- Reading: ISN, Center for Security Studies: Andrei Kokoshin’s "Real Sovereignty and Sovereign Democracy”
- 3.2 New Europe
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3.2.1 Poland: an Awkward Partner
- Reading: Lunds Universitet: Alexandra Martin’s “The Importance of History: a Realist Interpretation of Polish Foreign Policy in the European Union”
Link: Lunds Universitet: Alexandra Martin’s “The Importance of History: a Realist Interpretation of Polish Foreign Policy in the European Union” (PDF)
Instructions: Click on the hyperlink titled “Tillgänglig som PDF” to download the text, and then read the article in its entirety. The article, written in English, contains an overview of Polish foreign policy since joining the European Union in 2004 from a historical perspective.
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- Reading: Lunds Universitet: Alexandra Martin’s “The Importance of History: a Realist Interpretation of Polish Foreign Policy in the European Union”
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3.2.2 Ukraine: Europe's Energy Bottleneck
- Reading: CDI: James Sherr’s “The Mortgaging of Ukraine’s Independence”
Link: CDI: “James Sherr’s “The Mortgaging of Ukraine’s Independence” (PDF)
Instructions: Please scroll down the webpage, and click on the hyperlink after “Access the Full Briefing Paper Here.” This briefing highlights Ukraine’s current relationship of increasing economic and political dependence upon Russia for energy supplies. It highlights the pro-Russian orientation of the eastern portion of Ukraine, which is the power base of the current President, Victor Yanukovich. In return for subsidized Russian gas supplies, Ukraine has agreed to extend for many years Russia’s current use of the large naval base at Sevastapol, Ukraine as the headquarters for its Black Sea fleet, thereby effectively guaranteeing that Ukraine will not join NATO or the EU in the foreseeable future.
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- Reading: CDI: James Sherr’s “The Mortgaging of Ukraine’s Independence”
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3.2.3 Turkey: Paradox of Identity
- Reading: Open Democracy: Nora Fisher Onar’s “Turkey's Democracy, Europe's Imperative”
Link: Open Democracy: Nora Fisher Onar’s “Turkey's Democracy, Europe's Imperative” (PDF)
Instructions: Read this article.
Reading this article should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License. It is attributed to Nora Fisher Onar and the original version can be found here.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Open Democracy: Nora Fisher Onar’s “Europe’s Tipping-point, Turkey’s Solution”
Link: Open Democracy: Nora Fisher Onar’s “Europe’s Tipping-point, Turkey’s Solution” (PDF)
Instructions: Read this article.
Reading this article should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License. It is attributed to Nora Fisher Onar and the original version can be found here.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Open Democracy: Nathalie Tocci’s “Partners in Need: Turkey, the European Union and the United States Face the Arab Spring”
Link: Open Democracy: Nathalie Tocci’s “Partners in Need: Turkey, the European Union and the United States Face the Arab Spring” (PDF)
Instructions: Read this article.
Reading this article should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License. It is attributed to Nathalie Tocci and the original version can be found here.
See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Foreign Policy in Focus: Pinar Bilgin’s “Turkey’s European Dilemma”
Link: Foreign Policy in Focus: Pinar Bilgin’s “Turkey’s European Dilemma” (PDF)
Instructions: Read this article.
Reading this article should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 United States License. It is attributed to Pinar Bilgin and the original version can be found here.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Open Democracy: Nora Fisher Onar’s “Turkey's Democracy, Europe's Imperative”
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Unit 4: Select Issues in European Politics
In this unit, we delve more deeply into the European integration project. The European project is a story of some pretty amazing successes. From its very early beginnings in warfare and Empire through its modern incarnation, no other system of states has managed to come as far as the EU has in terms of shunning old habits of sovereignty and security. As Director-General for External and Politico-Military Affairs for the EU and noted scholar Robert Cooper has argued, the Europeans have embraced a very Post Modern sense of being, where states willingly accept "mutual interference" in one another’s affairs. To explain this differently, rather than solving their issues on the battlefield, each member-state willing allows its neighbor a vote on how to handle its affairs. This, of course, does not mean the Europeans have entered into a post-political world. Rather, if anything, issues that would not normally be political in nature have become hyper-political.
Unit 4 Time Advisory show close
As we draw this course to a conclusion, we will look at a snapshot of some of the most pressing issues in European Politics today. For example, much of post-industrial Western Europe is experiencing a graying of the population that threatens to bankrupt the social systems that helped draw Europeans through the Cold War. With populations growing older and birth rates declining, many of these states are experiencing a surge in minority populations that have been traditionally isolated from mainstream European life. Further confounding these demographic trends is the blurring of the political lines of the EU, which has allowed the free movement of cheap labor from Eastern Europe into the heart of western European society.
Setting aside demographic and social pressures, Europe is also experiencing renewed security threats that have evolved in our more globalized society. Terrorism and transnational crime, while not new, have taken on new meaning in the age of the Global War on Terror and easier access to weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Tensions in the Middle East and missile proliferation issues find their centers literally on Europe's front door, even as Europe feels the pinch from the much tighter energy market that exists in the twenty-first century. While no one seriously expects major war to break out in Europe in the foreseen future, the Europeans find themselves needed in the quest to keep a more secure international environment.
We conclude the course with perhaps the most pressing of issues in European politics today: What does it mean to be a European in the modern world? How much of the nation-state are Europeans willing to give up in order to form this new identity as a European? And finally, what role should Europe play in the international environment? The adoption and implementation of the answers to these questions constitute the substance of European Union policy making in the twenty-first century.
Unit 4 Learning Outcomes show close
- 4.1 Demographics
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4.1.1 Demographic Trends across Europe
- Reading: Rainer Muenz’s “Aging and Demographic Change in European Societies: Main Trends and Alternative Policy Options”
Link: Rainer Muenz’s “Aging and Demographic Change in European Societies: Main Trends and Alternative Policy Options” (PDF)
Also available in:
EPUB
Instructions: Scroll down to the “download the selected file” button, click on the button to download the PDF, and read the article in its entirety (38 pages). This text describes the drastic aging of the European population which will occur over the next 40 years, while Europe already has the lowest fertility rate in the world. The decline in the proportion of the taxpaying workforce to retirees receiving extended government pension and medical benefits poses a major social, economic and immigration policy challenge to Europe.
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- Reading: Rainer Muenz’s “Aging and Demographic Change in European Societies: Main Trends and Alternative Policy Options”
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4.1.2 Minority Population Trends
- Reading: The Telegraph: Adrian Michaels’ “Muslim Europe: the Demographic Time Bomb Transforming our Continent”
Link: The Telegraph: Adrian Michaels’ “Muslim Europe: the Demographic Time Bomb Transforming our Continent” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this news article, which covers the rate of Muslim minority population growth in Europe, in its entirety.
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- Reading: The Telegraph: Adrian Michaels’ “Muslim Europe: the Demographic Time Bomb Transforming our Continent”
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4.1.3 Migration Trends
- Reading: Migration Policy Institute: Arno Tanner’s “The Roma of Eastern Europe: Still Searching for Inclusion”
Link: Migration Policy Institute: Arno Tanner’s “The Roma of Eastern Europe: Still Searching for Inclusion” (HTML)
Instructions: Read the article in its entirety. The Roma are currently the largest minority in Europe, and they are present in all European countries. Traditionally living as nomads, as a group, they have experienced centuries of marginalization and segregation since their migration into Europe from Asia began several centuries ago.
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- Reading: Migration Policy Institute: Arno Tanner’s “The Roma of Eastern Europe: Still Searching for Inclusion”
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4.1.4 Integration and Assimilation Issues
- Reading: Newsweek: Stefan Theil’s “Europe’s Big Choice”
Link: Newsweek: Stefan Theil’s “Europe’s Big Choice” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this article in its entirety (3 pages). Use the “Next” button at the end of the text to navigate to each subsequent page. This article highlights the importance of migration for Europe’s continued economic development while facing resistance from rising xenophobia in European societies.
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- Reading: Newsweek: Stefan Theil’s “Europe’s Big Choice”
- 4.2 Political Culture
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4.2.1 Religious Attitudes
- Reading: Euractiv: “European Values and Identity”
Link: Euractiv: “European Values and Identity” (HTML)
Instructions: Click on the above link to the Euractiv website, and read the entire text, which summarizes the debate about the relationship of religion to European identity and European integration.
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- Reading: Euractiv: “European Values and Identity”
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4.2.2 Civil Society
- Reading: The University of Nottingham: Nick Stevenson’s “European Cosmopolitanism and Civil Society”
Link: The University of Nottingham: Nick Stevenson’s “European Cosmopolitanism and Civil Society” (PDF)
Instructions: Click on the PDF icon to download the file, and read the entire article (20 pages). This article highlights the interdependent relationship between the construction of European Union-wide institutions and the evolution of a European Union-wide orientation within EU society towards a focus on these institutions in constructing the rights and responsibilities inherent in EU citizenship.
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- Reading: The University of Nottingham: Nick Stevenson’s “European Cosmopolitanism and Civil Society”
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4.2.3 The European Welfare State
- Reading: Tilburg University’s Repository: W.J.H. van Oorschot, M. Opielka, and B. Pfau-Effinger’s “The Culture of the Welfare State: Historical and Theoretical Arguments”
Link: Tilburg University’s Repository: W.J.H. van Oorschot, M. Opielka, and B. Pfau-Effinger’s “The Culture of the Welfare State: Historical and Theoretical Argument” (PDF)
Instructions: Click on the hyperlink listed after “URL,” and read the article in its entirety (26 pages). This article summarizes the debate over whether national culture determines the politics over the policies and structures of the welfare state, versus whether politics, policies and structures determine national culture in the industrial and post-industrial era of national development. The article concludes that European welfare state politics, policies and structures are still primarily determined by European national cultures.
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- Reading: Tilburg University’s Repository: W.J.H. van Oorschot, M. Opielka, and B. Pfau-Effinger’s “The Culture of the Welfare State: Historical and Theoretical Arguments”
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4.2.4 Electoral Availability and Parties
- Reading: Central European University’s Department of Public Policy: N. Sitter’s “Opposing Europe: Euro-Scepticism, Opposition and Party Competition”
Link: Central European University’s Department of Public Policy: N. Sitter’s “Opposing Europe: Euro-Scepticism, Opposition and Party Competition”(PDF)
Instructions: Scroll down to the bottom of the webpage, click on the hyperlink after “Link,” and read the article (29 pages). This article, published by a major EU research institution, highlights how opposition to deepening and widening of European integration has become a foundational position of European political party opposition to the government in EU member states.
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- Reading: Central European University’s Department of Public Policy: N. Sitter’s “Opposing Europe: Euro-Scepticism, Opposition and Party Competition”
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4.2.5 Human Development and Income Distribution
- Reading: United Nations Development Program: Human Development Reports: Kitty Stewart’s “Human Development in Europe”
Link: United Nations Development Program: Human Development Reports: Kitty Stewart’s “Human Development in Europe” (PDF)
Instructions: Scroll down the webpage to the “Regional Studies” section. Then click on the hyperlink for Kitty Stewart’s article titled “Human Development in Europe” to download the PDF file. Read this article in its entirety (73 pages) for a summary of the impressive achievements in individual human development opportunities for all the people of Europe since the fall of Communism.
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- Reading: United Nations Development Program: Human Development Reports: Kitty Stewart’s “Human Development in Europe”
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4.2.6 Social Cohesion
- Reading: The Western University of Ontario’s Department of Sociology: W. Omariba’s “Social Cohesion in Europe: A Bibliography”
Link: The Western University of Ontario’s Department of Sociology: W. Omariba’s “Social Cohesion in Europe: A Bibliography” (PDF)
Instructions: Please scroll down to the 2002 Papers and Publications section about half way down the webpage. Click on the “Full Paper” hyperlink for the title “Social Cohesion in Europe: A Bibliography” to download the PDF file. Read the entire paper (20 pages) as a summary of research on sociological trends in Europe by a number of European research projects, focusing on the impact of globalization and EU economic and monetary union on tendencies towards harmonization of social welfare policies.
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- Reading: The Western University of Ontario’s Department of Sociology: W. Omariba’s “Social Cohesion in Europe: A Bibliography”
- 4.3 European Security Issues
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4.3.1 Energy Concerns
- Reading: Policy Archive: Library of Congress: Steven Woehral’s “The European Union’s Energy Security Challenges”
Link: Policy Archive: Library of Congress: Steven Woehral’s “The European Union’s Energy Security Challenges” (PDF)
Instructions: Click on the “View Publication” button on the right side of the webpage, and read the entire article (25 pages). This article provides an overview of efforts by the European Union member states to coordinate their policies to increase their leverage and influence over energy suppliers to decrease their vulnerability as European energy imports steadily increase well into the twenty-first century.
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- Reading: Policy Archive: Library of Congress: Steven Woehral’s “The European Union’s Energy Security Challenges”
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4.3.2 Terrorism
- Reading: EuroMesco: Francesca Galli’s “The Legal and Political Implications of the Securitisation of Counter-Terrorism Measures across the Mediterranean”
Link: EuroMesco: Francesca Galli’s “The Legal and Political Implications of the Securitisation of Counter-Terrorism Measures across the Mediterranean” (PDF)
Instructions: Please click on the “Full text in PDF” link, and read the document (33 pages). This paper highlights the interactive development between the EU’s internal security policy and its international policy towards Middle East states whose internal and external political conflicts create conditions conducive for the emergence of militant non-state actors pursuing their political objectives through violence means against non-military targets in the European Union.
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- Reading: EuroMesco: Francesca Galli’s “The Legal and Political Implications of the Securitisation of Counter-Terrorism Measures across the Mediterranean”
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4.3.3 Transnational Crime and Illicit Trade
- Reading: University of Pittsburgh’s Archive of European Integration: Nuray V. Ibryamova's "Security, Borders, and the Eastern Enlargement of the European Union"
Link: University of Pittsburgh’s Archive of European Integration: Nuray V. Ibryamova's "Security, Borders, and the Eastern Enlargement of the European Union" (PDF)
Instructions: Click on the above link to go to the website, and then click on “Download” to access the PDF file. Please read the article in its entirety (20 pages). This text covers EU policies to strengthen EU border control capabilities in the face of challenges from transnational organized crime networks and other challenges stemming from enlargement. The EU must come up with comprehensive, integrated policies for strengthening its internal security in order to avoid undermining the liberal values which are the foundation for European integration.
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- Reading: University of Pittsburgh’s Archive of European Integration: Nuray V. Ibryamova's "Security, Borders, and the Eastern Enlargement of the European Union"
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4.3.4 Nuclear Proliferation
- Reading: ISIS Europe: Dr. Gerrard Quille and Dr. Stephen Pullinger’s “The European Union: Tackling the Threat from Weapons of Mass Destruction”
Link: ISIS Europe: Dr. Gerrard Quille and Dr. Stephen Pullinger’s “The European Union: Tackling the Threat from Weapons of Mass Destruction” (PDF)
Instructions: Click on the PDF icon next to the last ISIS report, entitled “The European Union: Tackling the Threat from Weapons of Mass Destruction.” Please read the entire article (24 pages). In this article, the authors critique the EU’s policy toward nuclear proliferation following the 11 September 2001 attacks on the US and the announcement of the EU’s ‘fight against terrorism’ while attempting to act as a multilateral institution with 2 member states, UK and France, who refuse to disarm their own nuclear weapons arsenal.
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- Reading: ISIS Europe: Dr. Gerrard Quille and Dr. Stephen Pullinger’s “The European Union: Tackling the Threat from Weapons of Mass Destruction”
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4.3.5 External Threats
- Reading: ECPR: European International Standing Group: Laura Dibb’s “The Evolution of European Security Identity in EC/EU Institutions in the (Post-) Cold War Period”
Link: ECPR: European International Standing Group: Laura Dibb’s “The Evolution of European Security Identity in EC/EU Institutions in the (Post-) Cold War Period” (PDF)
Instructions: Scroll down the webpage about half way to the article titled “The Evolution of European Security Identity in EC/EU Institutions in the (Post-) Cold War Period” by Laura Dibb. Click on the hyperlink of the title to download the PDF file, and read the entire document (28 pages). This essay summarizes the relationship of the European integration project to the perceived Cold War perceived threat from the Soviet Union to create institutions and interests that help drive the evolution of the EU security project today, 20 years after the Cold War.
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- Reading: ECPR: European International Standing Group: Laura Dibb’s “The Evolution of European Security Identity in EC/EU Institutions in the (Post-) Cold War Period”
- 4.4 A European Identity
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4.4.1 Evolution or Devolution?
- Reading: The University of Manchester’s Department of Government: “MANCHESTER PAPERS IN POLITICS: Devolution and European Policy”
Link: The University of Manchester’s Department of Government: “MANCHESTER PAPERS IN POLITICS: Devolution and European Policy: Regional actors and European policy making: lessons for the UK?” (PDF)
Instructions: Scroll down the webpage to the first result, and click on the link titled “MANCHESTER PAPERS IN POLITICS: Devolution and European Policy: Regional actors and European policy making: lessons for the UK?” to download the PDF file. Please read the entire document (16 pages). This paper summarizes the relationship of European Union-level policy making to the regional governments of Germany, Belgium, and Spain. Belgium and Spain’s constitutional devolution of central authority has occurred within the context of European integration, whereas German’s “Basic Law” constitution was established before the EU was formally established. Consequently, the United Kingdom’s own movements towards devolution should comparatively examine these cases to guide its direction.
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- Reading: The University of Manchester’s Department of Government: “MANCHESTER PAPERS IN POLITICS: Devolution and European Policy”
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4.4.2 Discovering the Dual Identity; State and Europe
- Reading: IWM: Avraham Rot's "Constructing Identity and Embracing Boredom in United Europe"
Link: IWM: Avraham Rot's "Constructing Identity and Embracing Boredom in United Europe” (HTML)
Instructions: Please click on the above web link to read the article. The article highlights the problem of lack of European national public self-identification with the institutions of the European Union. The “boredom,” which results in lower European political participation rates in EU elections, is not necessarily an indication of a failure to create a European identity community, and European political theorists have noted that the rise of technocratic politics in complex modern societies produces an apathy that is at least peaceful.
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- Reading: IWM: Avraham Rot's "Constructing Identity and Embracing Boredom in United Europe"
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4.4.3 A Question of Democracy
- Reading: European Institute of Public Administration: Edward Best and Frank Lambermont’s "Citizen Involvement in EU Policies: Impossible Dream or Work in Progress?"
Link: European Institute of Public Administration: Edward Best and Frank Lambermont’s "Citizen Involvement in EU Policies: Impossible Dream or Work in Progress?" (PDF)
Instructions: Click on the link above, which will take you to the homepage of the European Institute of Public Administration (EIPA). Use the search bar at the top right hand corner of the webpage to search for: “Citizen Involvement in EU Policies.” The article by Best and Lambermont should appear immediately. Download in PDF to read.
Then, read the entire article for a better understanding of the European Citizens' Initiative (ECI) and its effects on European integration. The article raises specific questions about the effects of citizens’ initiatives on the European Union, and broader questions about the ability of citizens initiatives to address the "democratic deficit" of the European Union.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: European Institute of Public Administration: Edward Best and Frank Lambermont’s "Citizen Involvement in EU Policies: Impossible Dream or Work in Progress?"
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4.4.4 A Europe in the World
- Reading: Alexandra Giroux's "A Europe of Cultures or a Culture of Europe?"
Link: Alexandra Giroux's "A Europe of Cultures or a Culture of Europe?" (HTML)
Instructions: Please read the short article. This article highlights that Europe’s strong regional and national identities are not going to fade. Rather, a new community identity based upon Europe as a regional territorial community with a commitment to multicultural diversity as an organizing principle will and must be the basis for constructing a European people: a demos.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Alexandra Giroux's "A Europe of Cultures or a Culture of Europe?"
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Final Exam
- Final Exam: The Saylor Foundation's POLSC323 Final Exam
Link: The Saylor Foundation's POLSC323 Final Exam
Instructions: You must be logged into your Saylor Foundation School account in order to access this exam. If you do not yet have an account, you will be able to create one, free of charge, after clicking the link.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Final Exam: The Saylor Foundation's POLSC323 Final Exam
Questions? Consult the FAQs!

