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Theories of Personality

Purpose of Course  showclose

Course Information  showclose

Learning Outcomes  showclose

Course Requirements  showclose

• Unit 1
• Unit 2
• Unit 3
• Unit 4
• Unit 5
• Unit 6
• Final Exam
• All Units

Unit Outline show close

Unit 1: An Introduction to Personality Psychology  
Personality theories and processes can be defined and conceptualized according to a variety of factors.  For example, personality theories and processes differ to the extent of which they address and are concerned with more fundamental evolutionary components of human behavior or to the extent of which they address individual difference in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.  The first readings will help you to create a working definition of the nature of the research/theories, which encompass the field of personality psychology.  Next, you will learn about the science of personality psychology and the various research methodologies associated with addressing empirical questions in the field.  Following this section, you will receive a brief overview of how to read empirical journal articles to prepare you for later readings.  Finally, you will learn about particular components of personality including consciousness, perception, and adaptation.    
Unit 1 Time Advisory   show close

Unit 1 Learning Outcomes   show close

• Lecture: University of California, Berkeley: Professor Oliver John’s “Wednesday 8/31: What Is Personality?” (Webcast)

  Link: University of California, Berkeley: Professor Oliver John’s "Wednesday 8/31: What Is Personality?" (RealPlayer)
   
  Instruction: This lecture covers subunits 1.1.1 – 1.1.5.  On the webpage linked here, please click on the icon to view the video lecture entitled “What Is Personality” dated Wednesday 8/31.  Please start the video at 5 minutes as the first part of the lecture deals with administrative details of the class, and watch the remainder of the video (about 40 minutes). 
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above. 

  The Saylor Foundation does not yet have materials for this portion of the course. If you are interested in contributing your content to fill this gap or aware of a resource that could be used here, please submit it here.

  Submit Materials

• Reading: The Society for the Teaching of Psychology’s version of Professor Brian R. Little’s “Personality Psychology: Havings, Doings, and Beings in Context”

  Link: The Society for the Teaching of Psychology’s version of Professor Brian R. Little’s "Personality Psychology: Havings, Doings, and Beings in Context” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please click on the link above and read the entirety of this webpage, which provides an overview of the defining characteristics of personality psychology.
   
  Note on the Text: Brian R. Little holds joint positions as Distinguished Professor of Research at Carleton University and Lecturer at Harvard University.  He is also an Affiliated Scholar at the Radcliffe Institute of Advanced Study at Harvard University.
   
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1.1 The Structure of Personality Psychology Research and Inquiry  
• Reading: Personality Project: Dr. William Revelle’s (1995) “Personality Processes”

  Link: Personality Project: Dr. William Revelle’s (1995) "Personality Processes" (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please note that this reading covers subunits 1.1.1-1.1.5 and is geared toward introducing you to the breadth of research in personality psychology.  Please click the link above, and then scroll down towards the middle of the page to the section above “Biological Approaches” and click on the PDF version of the article entitled “Personality Processes” by William Revelle.  Please read this entire article in its entirety by starting with the section labeled Introduction and using the "continue" links at the bottom of each page.
   
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1.1.1 Three Dimensions of Personality Theory  
1.1.2 Recent Trends in Personality and Related Fields  
1.1.3 The Study of Species-Typical Behavior  
1.1.4 The Study of Individual Differences and Similarities  
1.1.5 The Study of Unique Patterns of Behavior  
1.2 Science and Methods  
• Lecture: University of California, Berkeley: Professor Oliver John’s “Wednesday 9/7: Personality and Measurement” and “Monday 9/12: Personality and Measurement”

  Links: University of California, Berkeley: Professor Oliver John’s "Wednesday 9/7: Personality and Measurement" (RealPlayer) and "Monday 9/12: Personality and Measurement" (RealPlayer)
   
  Instruction: These lectures cover subunits 1.2.1 – 1.2.3.  Please click on the webpage linked here, click on the icon for the video lecture dated Wednesday 9/7 entitled “Personality and Measurement.”  Please start the video at 7 minutes and 50 seconds as the first part of the lecture deals with administrative details of the class, and watch the remainder of the video (about 40 minutes). Next, click on the icon for the video lecture dated Monday 9/12 entitled “Personality and Measurement.”  Please start the video at 4 minutes and 15 seconds, and watch the remainder of the video (about 40 minutes). 
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above. 

  The Saylor Foundation does not yet have materials for this portion of the course. If you are interested in contributing your content to fill this gap or aware of a resource that could be used here, please submit it here.

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• Reading: Dr. C. George Boeree’s Personality Theories: A Biosocial Approach: “Science and Methods”

  Link: Dr. C. George Boeree’s Personality Theories: A Biosocial Approach: "Science and Methods" (HTML)
  
  Instructions: Please note that this reading covers subunits 1.2.1-1.2.3.  Please read the entirety of this webpage.  If viewing the PDF version, just read from the Introduction through section 1.4.
   
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1.2.1 Correlation versus Experimentation  
1.2.2 Phenomenology  
1.2.3 Cautions on the Scientific Process  
1.3 Empirical Journal Articles  
1.3.1 Research Methods and Empirical Journal Articles  
• Reading: Research Methods Knowledge Base: William M. K. Trochim’s “Key Elements of a Journal Article” and Muhlenberg College’s Find, Read, and Cite Psychology Articles: “Reading Articles”

  Links: Research Methods Knowledge Base: William M. K. Trochim’s "Key Elements of a Journal Article" (HTML) and Muhlenberg College’s Find, Read, and Cite Psychology Articles :"Reading Articles" (HTML)
   
  Instruction: Please read the entirety of the webpage entitled “Key Elements of a Journal Article.”  Then, for the Find, Read, and Cite Psychology Articles text, please only read the “Reading Articles” section in its entirety.  For an optional review, you may want to look over the first section on finding articles and the last section on citing journals in a research paper on Muhlenberg College’s website linked above.
   
  Note on the Texts: These readings will provide you with an overview of the anatomy of a journal article and provide recommendations for how to read empirical journal articles at an undergraduate level.   If you have recalled this information from the social psychology course, feel free to skim the contents.
   
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1.3.2 Experimental Research in Psychology  
• Reading: University of Waterloo: Professor Christian H. Jordan’s and Professor Mark P. Zanna’s “How to Read a Journal Article in Social Psychology”

  Link: University of Waterloo: Professor Christian H. Jordan’s and Professor Mark P. Zanna’s "How to Read a Journal Article in Social Psychology" (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please click on the link, and read the entirety of this webpage.  If you have recalled this information from the social psychology course, feel free to skim the contents.
   
  Note on the Text: Although this reading refers to social psychology, it will also help you to gain a more in depth perspective in reading personality psychological research articles.  This article, which provides the anatomy of a research report, was originallypublished in R. F. Baumeister’s (ed.) The Self in Social Psychology (pp. 461-470), published in Philadelphia by Psychology Press and is now located through the University of Waterloo’s website. 
   
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1.4 Consciousness and Perception  
• Reading: Dr. C. George Boeree’s Personality Theories: A Biosocial Approach: “Consciousness” and “Perception”

  Link: Dr. C. George Boeree’s Personality Theories: A Biosocial Approach: "Consciousness" (HTML) and "Perception" (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please note that this reading covers subunits 1.4.1-1.4.4.  Please read the entirety of these webpages.
  
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above. 

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1.4.1 What Is Consciousness?  
1.4.2 Qualities, the Senses, and Awareness  
1.4.3 The Raw Material of Perception  
1.4.4 Gestalts  
1.5 Interaction  
• Reading: Dr. C. George Boeree’s Personality Theories: A Biosocial Approach: “Interaction”

  Link: Dr. C. George Boeree’s Personality Theories: A Biosocial Approach: "Interaction" (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please note that this reading covers subunits 1.5.1-1.5.5.  Please read the entirety of this webpage.
  
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.
   

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1.5.1 Anticipation  
1.5.2 Images, Ideas, and Thinking  
1.5.3 Person Perception  
1.5.4 Social Interaction  
1.5.5 The Phenomenal Field  
1.6 Adaptation  
• Reading: Dr. C. George Boeree’s Personality Theories: A Biosocial Approach: “Adaptation”

  Link: Dr. C. George Boeree’s Personality Theories: A Biosocial Approach: "Adaptation" (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please note that this reading covers subunits 1.6.1-1.6.4.  Please this webpage in its entirety.
   
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1.6.1 Learning  
1.6.2 Remembering and Forgetting  
1.6.3 Mental Structures  
1.6.4 Inferences  
Unit 2: The Clinical Perspective of Personality Psychology: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Perspectives  

As you have learned from your readings in unit 1, a core project of personality psychology is to synthesize and test comprehensive and integrative theories of personality.  Although the recent trend is towards creating and testing “mini-theories,” the classic voices in personality psychology have greatly influenced ideas regarding human development and personality.  These voices took on a clinical perspective, in that they seek to explain the development of personality within the context of the individual’s environment and address factors which contribute to psychopathology.  These next two units will address four such seminal theories in personality psychology. 

In this unit, you will first learn about the purpose and function of comprehensive clinical theories in the field of personality psychology.  Next, you will learn how personality is measured on an individual level from a clinical perspective.  Finally, you will learn about Sigmund Freud’s personality theory, subsequent influential psychodynamic theories, and Carl Roger’s Humanistic personality theory.

Unit 2 Time Advisory   show close


Unit 2 Learning Outcomes   show close


• Reading: Zain Books’s version of Virtual University of Pakistan’s Personality Psychology: “The Nature of Personality Theory”

  Links: Zain Books’s version of Virtual University of Pakistan’s Personality Psychology: "The Nature of Personality Theory" (HTML or PDF)
   
  Instructions: This reading will cover 2.1.1-2.1.4 and subunits 2.2.1-2.2.2 and is geared toward introducing you to the notion of personality from a clinical perspective.  Please click on the above link, scroll down the webpage, and download the PDF “Personality Theories” by clicking on the hyperlink after “download.”  Read pages 1- 16.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.  

  The Saylor Foundation does not yet have materials for this portion of the course. If you are interested in contributing your content to fill this gap or aware of a resource that could be used here, please submit it here.

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2.1 What Is Personality?  

2.1.1 Theories of Personality  

2.1.2 What Makes a Good Theory?  

2.1.3 Personality Defined  

2.1.4 What Is Happening at Present  

2.2 Measurement of Personality  

2.2.1 Interviews and Observations  

2.2.2 Rating Scales  

2.2.3 Personality and Projective Tests  

2.3 Freud and the Psychoanalytic Theories of Personality  

• Reading: Dr. C. George Boeree’s Personality Theories:“Sigmund Freud” and Personality Pedagogy’s version of Sigmund Freud’s “The Anatomy of the Mental Personality” (1933)

  Links: Dr. C. George Boeree’s Personality Theories: "Sigmund Freud" (PDF) and Personality Pedagogy’s version of Sigmund Freud’s "The Anatomy of the Mental Personality"(1933) (HTML)
   
  Instructions: These readings will cover subunits 2.3.1-2.3.4.  For the first reading, please click on the above link, scroll down the webpage, and click on the hyperlink after “download” titled “Personality Psychology” to open the PDF file.  Read pages 17- 25.  For the second reading, please click on the link and read the entirety of the webpage.     
  
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpages    above.

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• Lecture: University of California, Berkeley: Professor Oliver John’s "Wednesday 9/14: Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory," "Monday 9/19: Psychodynamics: Applications and Extensions" and "Wednesday 9/21: Psychodynamics: Applications and Extensions”

  Links: University of California, Berkeley: Professor Oliver John’s "Wednesday 9/14: Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory," (RealPlayer) "Monday 9/19: Psychodynamics: Applications and Extensions" (RealPlayer) and "Wednesday 9/21: Psychodynamics: Applications and Extensions" (RealPlayer)
   
  Instruction: These lectures cover subunits 2.3.1–2.3.4.  Please click on the icon for the video lectures dated Wednesday 9/14, Monday 9/19, and Wednesday 9/21 to open each webcast.  Please view the entirety of the video entitled “Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory” and the video entitled “Psychodynamics: Applications and Extensions.”  Please note that the last two lectures for dates Monday 9/19 and Wednesday 9/21 are mislabeled and actually continue to cover Freud’s psychoanalytic theory for content.  In addition, please note that these lectures are approximately 50 minutes each.   
             
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above. 

  The Saylor Foundation does not yet have materials for this portion of the course. If you are interested in contributing your content to fill this gap or aware of a resource that could be used here, please submit it here.

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2.3.1 Levels of Consciousness  

2.3.2 Levels of Personality  

2.3.3 Psychosexual Stages  

2.3.4 Types of Anxiety and Defenses  

2.4 Psychodynamic Theories of Personality  

• Reading: Dr. C. George Boeree’s Personality Theories: "Anna Freud," "Carl Jung," "Karen Horney," and "Alfred Adler" and “Erik Erikson”

  Links: Dr. C. George Boeree’s Personality Theories: "Anna Freud," "Carl Jung," "Karen Horney," "Alfred Adler, " and "Erik Erikson"
   
  Note:  All the websites above are in HTML format.
   
  Instructions: These readings cover subunits 2.4.1-2.4.5.  Please click on the links above and read the entirety of these webpages. 
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.

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• Lecture: University of California, Berkeley: Professor Oliver John’s "Monday 9/26: Rogers Phenomenological Theory," "Wednesday 9/28: Rogers Phenomenological Theory," and "Monday 10/3: Human Potential, the Self, and Self-Actualization"

  Links: University of California, Berkeley: Professor Oliver John’s "Monday 9/26: Rogers Phenomenological Theory," (RealPlayer) "Wednesday 9/28: Rogers Phenomenological Theory," (RealPlayer) and "Monday 10/3: Human Potential, the Self, and Self-Actualization" (RealPlayer)
   
  Instructions: These lectures cover subunits 2.4.1-2.4.5.  Please click on each icon before each title to view the video lectures dated Monday 9/26 and Wednesday 9/28 both entitled “Rogers Phenomenological Theory.”  Next, click on the icon to view the video lecture dated Monday 10/3 entitled “Human Potential, the Self, and Self-Actualization.”  Note that these lectures are mislabeled and in content cover psychodynamic theories.  In addition, please note that these lectures are approximately 45-50 minutes each.   
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above. 

  The Saylor Foundation does not yet have materials for this portion of the course. If you are interested in contributing your content to fill this gap or aware of a resource that could be used here, please submit it here.

  Submit Materials

2.4.1 Anna Freud  

2.4.2 Carl Jung  

2.4.3 Karen Horney  

2.4.4 Alfred Adler  

2.4.5 Erik Erikson  

2.5 Humanistic Theory of Personality  

• Reading: Dr. C. George Boeree’s Personality Theories: “Carl Rogers” and York University: Dr. Christopher D. Green’s version of Carl Rogers’s (1947) "Some Observations on the Organization of Personality"

  Link: Dr. C. George Boeree’s Personality Theories: "Carl Rogers" (HTML) and York University: Dr. Christopher D. Green’s version of Carl Rogers’s (1947) "Some Observations on the Organization of Personality" (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please note that these readings cover subunits 2.5.1-2.5.5.  Please click on the above links and read the entirety of these webpages. 
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above. 

  See a broken link? Please let us know!

• Lecture: University of California, Berkeley: Professor Oliver John’s "Wednesday 10/5: Human Potential, the Self, Self-Actualization," "Monday 10/10: Early Trait Approaches," "Wednesday 10/12: Early Trait Approaches," and “Monday 10/17: The Five Factor Model” webcasts.

  Links: University of California, Berkeley: Professor Oliver John’s "Wednesday 10/5: Human Potential, the Self, Self-Actualization," (RealPlayer) "Monday 10/10: Early Trait Approaches," (RealPlayer)  "Wednesday 10/12: Early Trait Approaches," (RealPlayer)  and “Monday 10/17: The Five Factor Model," (RealPlayer)
   
  Instruction: Please note that these lectures cover subunits 2.5.1-2.5.6.  Please click on icon before each title for the video lectures dated Wednesday 10/5, Monday 10/10, and Wednesday 10/12 and view the entirety of the video entitled “Human Potential, the Self, Self-Actualization” and the videos entitled “Early Trait Approaches.”  Lastly, view the video entitled “The Five Factor Model” up until 32 minutes and 50 seconds, as the lecture switches to a different topic after this time.  Note that these lectures are mislabeled and in content cover the humanistic theories of personality.  In addition, please note that these lectures last 42-50 minutes each.   
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above. 

  The Saylor Foundation does not yet have materials for this portion of the course. If you are interested in contributing your content to fill this gap or aware of a resource that could be used here, please submit it here.

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2.5.1 Biography  

2.5.2 Views on Human Nature  

2.5.3 Positive Self-Regard and Conditions of Worth  

2.5.4 Perceptual Distortions  

2.5.5 The Fully Functioning Person  

2.5.6 Abraham Maslow  

• Reading: Dr. C. George Boeree’s Personality Theories: “Abraham Maslow”

  Link: Dr. C. George Boeree’s Personality Theories: "Abraham Maslow” (HTML)
  
  Instructions: Please read the webpage in its entirety. 
   
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Unit 3: Cognitive and Behavioral Theories of Personality  
This next unit will address two different clinical perspectives on personality.  These perspectives focused less on the influence of childhood experiences and instead maintained that the root of personality centers on an individual’s pattern of thoughts and behaviors.  These theories had a large impact on personality psychology and have helped to increase our understanding of the expression of personality.  In this unit, you will first learn about the cognitive theories of personality as theorized by Albert Ellis.  Second, you will learn about George Kelly and his theory of personality, which centers on cognitions.  Lastly, you will learn about B.F. Skinner, a psychologist who played a seminal role in developing the behaviorist theory of personality.
Unit 3 Time Advisory   show close

Unit 3 Learning Outcomes   show close

3.1 Albert Ellis and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy  
• Reading: Dr. C. George Boeree’s Personality Theories: “Albert Ellis” and REBT Network: Dr. William J. Knaus’s “Rational Emotive Education”

  Link: Dr. C. George Boeree’s Personality Theories: "Albert Ellis" (HTML) and REBT Network: Dr. William J. Knaus’s "Rational Emotive Education" (PDF)
   
  Instructions: These readings will cover subunits 3.1.1-3.1.3.  For the first reading, please read the entirety of the webpage entitled “Albert Ellis.”  For the second reading, please click on the link above and scroll down to the “NEWS” section on the right hand side of the webpage.  Click on and download the free e-book entitled “Rational Emotive Education.”  Once downloaded, please read pages 9-37 (as indicated in the PDF bar at the top of the screen), which includes Part I, II, III, and IV.  The first three parts will provide you with an introduction to the basic theory and assumptions of the rational emotive behavior therapy.  The last part will provide you with an example of how this theory can be applied to real life situations.  Feel free to peruse the “background for the teacher” section of the remaining parts, as this will provide further useful information regarding rational emotive theory. 
   
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• Activity: REBT Network’s “REBT Self-Help Form” and “Disputing Irrational Beliefs Form”

   Link: REBT Network’s "REBT Self-Help Form" (HTML) and "Disputing Irrational Beliefs Form" (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please click on the above links and complete the exercises.  This activity is an experiential exercise that will help you to understand the rational emotive behavior therapy principles. 
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above. 

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3.1.1 Albert Ellis: Biography  
3.1.2 Cognitive Theory of Personality: Irrationality and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)  
3.1.3 An example of REBT’s Wide Ranging Applicability  
3.2 An Introduction to George Kelly  
• Reading: The Internet Encyclopedia of Personal Construct Psychology: Professor Robert Neimeyer’s “George A. Kelly”

  Link: The Internet Encyclopedia of Personal Construct Psychology: Professor Robert Neimeyer’s “George A. Kelly” (HTML)
   
  Instructions: This reading covers subunits 3.2.1-3.2.3.  Please read the entirety of this short biography of George A. Kelly.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above. 

  The Saylor Foundation does not yet have materials for this portion of the course. If you are interested in contributing your content to fill this gap or aware of a resource that could be used here, please submit it here.

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3.2.1 Kelly’s Religious Background  
3.2.2 Kelly and the Great Depression  
3.2.3 Kelly’s Contributions  
3.3 George Kelly’s Personal Construct Psychology  
• Reading: The Internet Encyclopedia of Personal Construct Psychology: Professor Robert Neimeyer’s and Professor Sara K. Bridges’s “Personal Construct Theory”

  Link: The Internet Encyclopedia of Personal Construct Psychology: Professor Robert Neimeyer’s and Professor Sara K. Bridges’s "Personal Construct Theory"  (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please note that this reading covers subunits 3.3.1-3.3.3.  The reading under 3.3.3 is an additional required reading specific to the fundamental postulate and corollaries proposed by Kelly.  Please read the entirety of this webpage.  Also, to read more about the terms used in this webpage, click on the following underlined words: constructs, extensions, invalidates, and core structures. 
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above. 

  The Saylor Foundation does not yet have materials for this portion of the course. If you are interested in contributing your content to fill this gap or aware of a resource that could be used here, please submit it here.

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• Lecture: University of California, Berkeley: Professor Oliver John’s “Monday 11/14: Cognitive Complexity,” “Wednesday 11/16: Kelly’s Cognitive Theory,” and “Monday 11/21: Kelly’s Cognitive Theory”

  Links: University of California, Berkeley: Professor Oliver John’s Monday 11/14: Cognitive Complexity," (RealPlayer) Wednesday 11/16: Kelly’s Cognitive Theory," (RealPlayer) and Monday 11/21: Kelly’s Cognitive Theory" (RealPlayer)
   
  Instructions: These lectures cover subunits 3.3.1-3.3.3.  Please click on the icon before each title for the video lectures dated Monday 11/14, Wednesday 11/16, and Monday 11/21.  View the entirety of the videos entitled “Cognitive Complexity” and “Kelly’s Cognitive Theory.”  Please note that these lectures are approximately 45 minutes each.   
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above. 

  The Saylor Foundation does not yet have materials for this portion of the course. If you are interested in contributing your content to fill this gap or aware of a resource that could be used here, please submit it here.

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3.3.1 Persons as Scientists  
3.3.2 Constructions  
3.3.3 The Fundamental Postulate and Corollaries  
• Reading: Dr. C. George Boeree’s Personality Theories: “George Kelly”

  Link: Dr. C. George Boeree’s Personality Theories: "George Kelly" (HTML)
  
  Instructions: This reading will cover subunit 3.2.3 and introduce you to subunit 5.3.  Please click on the link above, scroll down and read the sections entitled “Theory,” “Psychopathology and Therapy,” and “Discussion,” which will provide you with more information regarding George Kelly’s Fundamental Postulate and 11 Corollaries. 
   
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3.4 George Kelly’s Psychotherapy  
3.4.1 George Kelly and Constructivist Psychotherapy  
• Reading: The Internet Encyclopedia of Personal Construct Psychology: Professor Robert Neimeyer’s and Professor Sara K. Bridges’s “Constructivist Psychotherapies”

  Link: The Internet Encyclopedia of Personal Construct Psychology: Professor Robert Neimeyer’s and Professor Sara K. Bridges’s "Constructivist Psychotherapies" (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entirety of this webpage.  Also, to read more about the terms used in this webpage, click on the following underlined words: constructivism and constructive alternativism.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.  

  The Saylor Foundation does not yet have materials for this portion of the course. If you are interested in contributing your content to fill this gap or aware of a resource that could be used here, please submit it here.

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3.4.2 Core Constructs  
• Reading: The Internet Encyclopedia of Personal Construct Psychology: Professor Robert Neimeyer’s and Professor Sara K. Bridges’s “Core Constructs”

  Link: The Internet Encyclopedia of Personal Construct Psychology: Professor Robert Neimeyer’s and Professor Sara K. Bridges’s "Core Constructs" (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entirety of this webpage. 
             
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above. 

  The Saylor Foundation does not yet have materials for this portion of the course. If you are interested in contributing your content to fill this gap or aware of a resource that could be used here, please submit it here.

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3.4.3 Fixed Role Therapy: Self-Characterization and the Repertory Grid Methods  
• Reading: The Internet Encyclopedia of Personal Construct Psychology: Professor Robert Neimeyer’s and Professor Sara K. Bridges’s “Fixed Role Therapy”

  Link: The Internet Encyclopedia of Personal Construct Psychology: Professor Robert Neimeyer’s and Professor Sara K. Bridges’s "Fixed Role Therapy" (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entirety of this webpage.  Also, to read more about the terms used in this webpage, click on the following underlined words: self-characterization and repertory grid methods. 
             
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above. 

  The Saylor Foundation does not yet have materials for this portion of the course. If you are interested in contributing your content to fill this gap or aware of a resource that could be used here, please submit it here.

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3.4.4 Perspectives on George Kelly’s Therapy  
• Reading: Toward an Ecology of the Mind: Professor Vincent Kenny’s “The Psychological Reconstruction of Life: An Introduction to Personal Construct Psychotherapy”

  Link: Toward an Ecology of the Mind: Professor Vincent Kenny’s "The Psychological Reconstruction of Life: An Introduction to Personal Construct Psychotherapy" (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entirety of this webpage to gain a more in-depth sense of George Kelly’s theory and created form of psychotherapy.
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above. 

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3.5 B.F. Skinner and Behaviorism  
• Reading: Dr. C. George Boeree’s Personality Theories: “B.F. Skinner”

  Link: Dr. C. George Boeree’s Personality Theories: "B.F. Skinner" (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please note that this reading covers subunits 3.5.1-3.5.2.  Please read the entirety of this webpage. 
   
  Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above. 

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• Lecture: University of California, Berkeley: Professor Oliver John’s Monday 11/7: Kelly’s Cognitive Theory" and Wednesday 11/9: Kelly’s Cognitive Theory"

  Links: University of California, Berkeley: Professor Oliver John’s Monday 11/7: Kelly’s Cognitive Theory" (RealPlayer) and Wednesday 11/9: Kelly’s Cognitive Theory" (RealPlayer) 
   
  Instructions: These lectures cover subunits 3.5.1-3.5.2.  Please click on the icon for the video lectures dated Monday 11/7 and Wednesday 11/9 to launch each video lecture.  View the entirety of the videos entitled “Kelly’s Cognitive Theory.”  Note that these lectures are mislabeled and in content cover the behavioral theory of personality. In addition, please note that these lectures last approximately 45 minutes.     
   
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3.5.1 B.F. Skinner: Biography  
3.5.2 Behavioral Theory of Personality  
Unit 4: The Trait Perspective  

In the prior units, you have been exposed to theorists whose main concern was with the development of personality and therapeutic approaches aimed at changing maladaptive aspects of personality.  We will now transition to a different perspective of personality, one that talks very little of development or personality change and instead focuses on the identification of traits.  In this unit, you will first be introduced to trait theory and learn of its historical roots and the influential theorists who helped develop the trait perspective.  Next, you will learn about the five-factor model of personality, the most current and widely accepted trait perspective conceptualization of personality in psychology.  Finally, you will read empirical articles which demonstrate the continued scientific efforts to link traits to a variety of important outcomes.

Unit 4 Time Advisory   show close


Unit 4 Learning Outcomes   show close


• Lecture: University of California, Berkeley: Professor Oliver John’s Monday 11/7: Kelly’s Cognitive Theory" and Wednesday 11/9: Kelly’s Cognitive Theory"

  Links: University of California, Berkeley: Professor Oliver John’s Monday 11/7: Kelly’s Cognitive Theory" (RealPlayer) and Wednesday 11/9: Kelly’s Cognitive Theory" (RealPlayer) 
   
  Instructions: These lectures cover all subunits in this unit (i.e., 4.1.1-4.1.5 and 4.2.1-4.2.7).  On the UC Berkeley website, please click on the icon for the video lectures dated Monday 11/7 and Wednesday 11/9 to open the video lectures.  Please view the entirety of the videos entitled “Kelly’s Cognitive Theory” which last approximately 45 minutes.  Note that these lectures are mislabeled and in content cover the trait perspective of personality.  In addition, these lectures will help introduce you to the notion of genetic heritability and the research/theories on the biological nature of personality. 
   
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4.1 Introduction to Trait Theory  

• Reading: AllPsych Online’s version of Dr. Christopher L. Heffner’s Personality Theory: An Introduction: “Trait Theory” and Personality Project’s Dr. William Revelle’s “Taxonomies of Individual Differences”

  Links: AllPsych Online’s version of Dr. Christopher L. Heffner’s PersonalityTheory: An Introduction: "Chapter 7: Trait Theory" (HTML) and Personality Project’s Dr. William Revelle’s "Taxonomies of Individual Differences" (HTML)
   
  Instructions: For the first reading, please read all sections in “Chapter 7: Trait Theory.” For the second reading, please read up until the bullet pointed sections.  These brief readings will help to introduce you to the history and current state of trait theory.  These readings will cover subunits 4.1.1-4.1.4, and you are also responsible for any readings specified within each subunit.
   
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4.1.1 What Is Trait Theory?  

4.1.2 Gordon Allport: The Original Trait Theorist  

4.1.3 Henry Murray’s Psychogenic Needs  

4.1.4 Raymond B. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors  

• Reading: Dr. Scott Acton’s Great Ideas in Personality Website’s version of Dr. Heather M. Fehriinger’s "Contributions and Limitations of Cattell's 16 Personality Factor Model"

  Link: Dr. Scott Acton’s Great Ideas in Personality Website’s version of Dr. Heather M. Fehriinger’s "Contributions and Limitations of Cattell's 16 Personality Factor Model" (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entirety of this article. This reading both provides information regarding Cattell’s 16 Personality Factor Model and provides critiques/comments of this theory. 
   
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4.1.5 Hans Eysenck’s Theory  

• Reading: Dr. C. George Boeree’s Personality Theories: “Hans Eysenck”

  Link: Dr. C. George Boeree’s Personality Theories: "Hans Eysenck" (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the sections entitled “Biography,” “Theory,” and “Discussion.”
             
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4.2 Big 5 Factors of Personality  

• Reading: Berkeley Personality Lab’s Version of Dr. Oliver P. John, Dr. Laura P. Naumann, and Dr. Christopher J. Soto’s (2008) “Paradigm Shift to the Integrative Big Five Trait Taxonomy”

  Link: Berkeley Personality Lab’s Version of Dr. Oliver P. John, Dr. Laura P. Naumann, and Dr. Christopher J. Soto’s (2008) "Paradigm Shift to the Integrative Big Five Trait Taxonomy" (PDF)
             
  Instructions: This reading will cover subunits 4.2.1-4.2.7.  Please click on “Download PDF” to get the PDF version of this chapter.  Read the entirety of this chapter to gain a better sense of issues related to the development of the taxonomic 5-factor personality model.  You may skim the sections entitled “Cross-Language and Cross-Cultural Studies,” “Defining the Big 5 across Studies: The Prototype Approach,” and “Measurement: Comparing Big 5 Instruments.” 
   
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4.2.1 The Lexical Approach and Discovery of the Big Five  

4.2.2 Simple and Circumplex Approaches  

4.2.3 The Big Five and Personality Questionnaires  

4.2.4 Problems with the English Factor Labels  

4.2.5 Critical Issues and Theoretical Perspectives  

4.2.6 The Big Five and Personality Development  

4.2.7 Theoretical Perspectives on the Big Five  

4.3 Current Research on Trait Perspective  

• Reading: University of Iowa’s Current Research in Social Psychology: Dr. Simon Moss and Ms. Sigmon Ngu’s “The Relationship between Personality and Leadership Preferences” and Blinn College: Dr. Michelle N. Shiota and Dr. Robert W. Levenson’s “Birds of a Feather Don’t Always Fly Farthest: Similarity in Big Five Personality Predicts More Negative Marital Satisfaction Trajectories in Long-Te

  Links: University of Iowa’s Current Research in Social Psychology: Dr. Simon Moss and Ms. Sigmon Ngu’s “The Relationship between Personality and Leadership Preferences” (PDF) and Blinn College: Dr. Michelle N. Shiota and Dr. Robert W. Levenson’s “Birds of a Feather Don’t Always Fly Farthest: Similarity in Big Five Personality Predicts More Negative Marital Satisfaction Trajectories in Long-Term Marriages" (PDF)
   
  Instructions: For the first reading, please scroll down the webpage until you reach the hyperlink titled “Volume 11, No. 6.”  Then, click on this hyperlink, and read this entire empirical journal article as advised by the readings presented in section 1.2.  For the second reading, please scroll down and select the "Shiota and Levenson" link under "Psychology Articles."
   
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Unit 5: Evolutionary and Behavioral Genetic Perspectives of Personality  
We will now examine different evolutionary and behavioral genetic theories of personality.  These theories ask how we can explain the psychological mechanisms behind what defines “human nature” and the individual differences found among various traits.  Over the past 20 years, these theories have influenced the field of personality research via (a) the robust findings that personality traits have a strong heritable component, and (b) their ability to explain the adaptive nature of individual differences among personality traits.  
Unit 5 Time Advisory   show close

Unit 5 Learning Outcomes   show close

5.1 The Importance of Biology in Personality Psychology  
• Reading: Google Scholar: Dr. David M. Buss’s (1990) "Towards a Biologically Informed Psychology of Personality"

  Links: Google Scholar: Dr. David M. Buss’s (1990) "Towards a Biologically Informed Psychology of Personality" (PDF)
             
  Instructions: Please click on the hyperlink “[PDF] from utexas.edu” to download the PDF file of the article entitled “Towards a Biologically Informed Psychology of Personality.”  Please read this article in its entirety. 
   
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5.1.1 Biological Approach to Human Nature  
5.1.2 Human Genetic Variability  
5.1.3 Identifying the Most Important Individual Differences  
5.1.4 Adaption and Adjustment  
5.1.5 Personality Types versus Personality Dimensions  
5.1.6 The Psychophysiology of Personality  
5.1.7 Psychological Mechanisms as Evolved Problem-Solving Strategies  
5.2 Evolutionary Psychology  
• Reading: University of California, Santa Barbara: Dr. Leda Cosmides and Dr. John Tooby’s “Evolutionary Psychology: A Primer”

  Link: University of California, Santa Barbara: Dr. Leda Cosmides and Dr. John Tooby’s "Evolutionary Psychology: A Primer" (HTML)
             
  Instructions: Please read the entirety of this webpage to gain a better sense of the theoretical background and research findings in evolutionary psychology.  As you are reading this section, please use the information presented in the previous reading for subunit 5.1 as a framework to reflect on the following question: How can evolutionary psychology inform personality psychology?
             
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5.2.1 Principles of Evolutionary Psychology  
5.2.2 Adaptationist Approach  
5.2.3 Reasoning Instincts: An Example  
5.2.4 Distinction from Behavioral Genetics  
5.3 Behavioral Genetics Contribution to Personality Psychology  
• Reading: Advancing Science Serving Society and the Hastings Center: Catherine Baker’s Behavioral Genetics: “Chapters 1, 6, and 7”

  Link: Advancing Sciences Serving Society and the Hastings Center: Catherine Baker’s Behavioral Genetics: “Chapters 1, 6, and 7" (PDF)
   
  Instructions: Please click on the hyperlinks for each chapter on this webpage.  Please read these chapters in their entirety.  Chapter 1 will address the field of behavioral genetics.  Chapter 6 will address how behavioral genetics helps explain the ability to control impulses (a trait-like characteristic).  Chapter 7 will address how behavioral genetics helps explain the gene-environment interaction that contributes to intelligence, a cognitive ability often studied in personality psychology.
   
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5.3.1 What Is Behavioral Genetics?  
5.3.2 How Can Behavioral Genetics Help Explain Impulsivity and ADHD?  
5.3.3 ADHD: Disorder or Trait?  
5.3.4 Intelligence Testing and Behavioral Genetics  
5.3.5 Predicting Individual Intelligence  
5.3.6 Culture and Intelligence: Cautions and Explanations  
Unit 6: Social-Cognitive and Emotional Factors of Personality  
Because our cognitive structures relay important information from our surroundings and because our personalities can affect this process, our personalities can affect the ways in which we perceive, interpret, and, in general, use information.  In turn, cognitive information can impact how we feel.  As such, personality traits influence both our cognitive and emotional states.  The next unit will focus on these social-cognitive and emotional aspects of personality.  Once again, we will look at another “classical voice” in personality whose theory focuses on the social nature of learning and personality development.  After learning about Albert Bandura, the father of social-cognitive theory of personality and the main tenants of the theory, you will learn about emotion as it relates to personality.  You will gain knowledge about the interactions between cognitive and emotional processes which play a role in the expression of personality.  
Unit 6 Time Advisory   show close

Unit 6 Learning Outcomes   show close

6.1 Albert Bandura and the Social-Cognitive Theory of Personality  
• Lecture: University of California, Berkeley: Professor Oliver John’s Wednesday 11/23: Social Cognitive Factors," “Monday 11/28: Review Session” and “Wednesday 11/30: Motivation"

  Links: University of California, Berkeley: Professor Oliver John’s Wednesday 11/23: Social Cognitive Factors," (RealPlayer) “Monday 11/28: Review Session," (RealPlayer) and  “Wednesday 11/30: Motivation" (RealPlayer)
   
  Instructions: These lectures cover subunits 6.1.1 -6.3.1.  Please click on the icon for the video lectures dated Wednesday 11/23, Monday 11/28, and Wednesday 11/30 to open up the webcast.  View the entirety of the videos entitled “Social Cognitive Factors,” “Review Session,” and “Motivation,” respectively.  Note that these lectures are mislabeled and in content cover the social-cognitive theory of personality. In addition, please note that these lectures are approximately 35-45 minutes each.   
   
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6.1.1 Albert Bandura  
• Reading: Information on Self-Efficacy: Community of Scholar’s version of Professor Albert Bandura’s “Autobiography”

  Link: Information on Self-Efficacy: Community of Scholar’s version of Professor Albert Bandura’s "Autobiography" (HTML)
   
  Instructions: Please read the entirety of this webpage.
   
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6.1.2 Cognitive-Theory of Personality  
• Reading: Dr. C. George Boeree’s Personality Theories: “Albert Bandura” and Emory University: Information on Self-Efficacy: Community of Scholar’s version of Professor Albert Bandura’s “The Role of Imitation in Personality Development”

  Links: Dr. C. George Boeree’s Personality Theories: "Albert Bandura" (HTML) and Emory University: Information on Self-Efficacy: Community of Scholar’s version of Professor Albert Bandura’s “The Role of Imitation in Personality Development” (PDF)
   
  Instructions: For the first reading, read the entirety of the webpage for a biography and information on the theories of Albert Bandura.  For the second reading, please scroll down the webpage to the hyperlink for Albert Bandura’s 1963 article entitled “The Role of Imitation in Personality Development,” and download the PDF file.  Please read this article in its entirety.
   
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6.1.3 Self-Efficacy and Agency  
• Reading: Emory University: Information on Self-Efficacy: Community of Scholar’s version of Professor Frank Parajes’s “Overview of Social Cognitive Theory and of Self-Efficacy”

  Link: Emory University: Information on Self-Efficacy: Community of Scholar’s version of Professor Frank Parajes’s "Overview of Social Cognitive Theory and of Self-Efficacy" (HTML)
                         
  Instructions: Please read the entirety of this webpage.
   
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6.2 Intrapersonal Function of Emotion  
• Reading: Wikibook’s "Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience/Motivation and Emotion" and University of California, Berkeley: Dr. Robert Levenson’s Psychophysiology’s Lab’s (1999) “The Intrapersonal Function of Emotions”

  Link: Wikibook’s "Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience/Motivation and Emotion" (HTML) and University of California, Berkeley: Dr. Robert Levenson’s Psychophysiology’s Lab’s (1999) “The Intrapersonal Function of Emotions” (PDF)
   
  Instructions: For the first reading, please read this overview of some major findings in key research areas related to motivation and emotions.   For the second reading, under the date 1999, please select the first PDF file entitled “The Intrapersonal Function of Emotions.”  Please read the entirety of this article to learn about the basics regarding the function of emotions.
   
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6.2.1 Drives and Motives  
6.2.2 Emotions and their Neurological Underpinnings  
6.2.3 Theories of Emotions  
6.2.4 Emotions and Psychopathology  
6.2.5 Protypical Events and Associated Emotions  
6.2.6 Modulations of Emotions  
6.2.7 Function of Emotions  
6.3 Emotion Regulation and Suppression  
• Reading: University of California, Berkeley: Dr. Robert Levenson’s Psychophysiology’s Lab’s “Emotional Suppression: Physiology, Self-Report, and Expressive Behavior,” and “Hiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion”

  Links: University of California, Berkeley: Dr. Robert Levenson’s Psychophysiology’s Lab’s “Emotional Suppression: Physiology, Self-Report, and Expressive Behavior” (PDF) and “Hiding feelings: The Acute Effects of Inhibition Negative and Positive Emotion”(PDF)
   
  Instructions: For the first reading, please scroll down to the date 1993, and click on the PDF file entitled “Emotional Suppression: Physiology, Self-Report, and Expressive Behavior.”  Please read this article in its entirety.  For the second reading, please scroll down to the date 1997 and click on the PDF file entitled “Hiding Feelings: The Acute Effect of Inhibition, Negative and Positive Emotion.”  Please read the entirety of this article to learn about suppression, which is a type of emotion regulation strategy.
             
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6.3.1 Emotion Regulation  
6.3.2 Emotional Suppression and Health  
6.3.3 Emotional Suppression, Expressive Behavior, Self-Report, and Physiology  
6.3.4 Effects of Inhibiting Negative and Positive Emotions  
6.4 Emotion and Aging  
• Reading: University of California, Berkeley: M.N. Shiota’s and Dr. Robert Levenson’s Psychophysiology’s Lab’s “Effects of Aging on Experimentally Instructed Detached Reappraisal, Positive Reappraisal, and Emotional Behavior Suppression,” and Wikipedia’s version of Dr. Laura L. Carstensen and Dr. Joseph A. Mikels’s “At the Intersection of Emotion and Cognition: Aging and the Positivity Effect”

  Links: University of California, Berkeley: M.N. Shiota’s and Dr. Robert Levenson’s Psychophysiology’s Lab’s “Effects of Aging on Experimentally Instructed Detached Reappraisal, Positive Reappraisal, and Emotional Behavior Suppression” (PDF) and Wikipedia’s version of Dr. Laura L. Carstensen and Dr. Joseph A. Mikels’s "At the Intersection of Emotion and Cognition: Aging and the Positivity Effect" (HTML)
   
  Instructions: For the first reading, please scroll up to the date 2009, and click on the PDF file entitled “Effects of Aging on Experimentally Instructed Detached Reappraisal, Positive Reappraisal, and Emotional Behavior Suppression.”  Please read the entirety of this article to learn about different types of emotion regulation strategies and how they intersect with age.  For the second reading, please click on the link above and scroll down to the bottom of the webpage under “External Link.”  Then, click on the first hyperlink with the PDF icon to download the PDF file.  Read this article in its entirety.
   
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• Lecture: University of California, Berkeley: Professor Oliver John’s "Monday 12/5: Emotion Regulation/Review"

  Link: University of California, Berkeley: Professor Oliver John’s "Monday 12/5: Emotion Regulation/Review" (RealPlayer)
   
  Instructions: Please click on the icon for the video lecture dated Monday 12/5 and view the first 29 minutes of the video entitled “Emotion Regulation/Review” Webcast. 
   
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6.4.1 Aging and Emotion Regulation  
6.4.2 Detached Reappraisal, Positive Reappraisal, and Behavior Suppression  
6.4.3 Socioemotional Selectivity Theory  
6.5 Emotions: Contributors to Happiness and Interpersonal Functioning  
• Reading: University of California, Berkeley: Dr. Robert Levenson’s Psychophysiology’s Lab’s “Affect in Intimate Relationships: The Developmental Course of Marriage” and The Dana Foundation: Dr. Silvia Helena Cardoso’s “Hardwired for Happiness”

  Links: University of California, Berkeley: Dr. Robert Levenson’s Psychophysiology’s Lab’s “Affect in Intimate Relationships: The Developmental Course of Marriage” (PDF) and The Dana Foundation: Dr. Silvia Helena Cardoso’s "Hardwired for Happiness" (HTML)
   
  Instructions: These readings cover subunits 6.5.1-6.5.7.  For the first reading, please scroll down to the date 1996, and click on the first PDF file entitled “Affect in Intimate Relationships: The Developmental Course of Marriage.”  Please read the entirety of this article to learn about some relationships between emotion and interpersonal processes.  Please also read “Hardwired for Happiness” in its entirety.
   
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6.5.1 The Expression and Experience of Emotion and Marriage  
6.5.2 A Theoretical Framework for Emotional Development and Intimacy in Adulthood  
6.5.3 The History of Emotion Neuroscience  
6.5.4 The Neural Basis of Positive Affect  
6.5.5 A Set-Point for Happiness  
6.5.6 Toward a Definition of Happiness  
6.5.7 Psychological Perspectives of Happiness  
Final Exam  

• Final Exam: Saylor Foundation's PSYCH405 Final Exam

  Link: The Saylor Foundation's PSYCH405 Final Exam
  
  Instructions: You must be logged into your Saylor Foundation School account in order to access this exam.  If you do not yet have an account, you will be able to create one, free of charge, after clicking the link.

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