Saylor.org

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Trustee Michael J. Saylor
Program Director Alana Harrington
Strategic Initiatives Manager Jeffery Davidson
Public Relations Coordinator Camie Rodan
Strategic Technology Manager Josef M. Scarantino
Content Development Manager Jennifer Shoop
Content Development Coordinator David Rose
Senior Permissions Coordinator Stephen Phillips
Assistant Permissions Coordinator Amanda Azinheira
Personnel & Special Projects Administrator Devon Ritter
Archivist Sean Connor
Open Textbook Challenge Coordinator Charles Adair
Technical and Research Coordinator Scott Movens
A/V Assistant Mike Bedont
Contributing Editor Susan Whalen
Contributing Editor Tina Hardy
Contributing Editor Ken Michek
Contributing Editor Aaron Brooks
Research Assistants

Academic Consultants
Content Review Panel
Content Contributors and Partners

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Academic Consultants This project would not be possible without the following team of academic professionals, who have contributed their time and effort in support of our Free Education Initiative.

Art History

• Jody B. Cutler, Ph.D. (SUNY/Stony Brook)
• Ellen Hurst, Ph.D. Candidate (CUNY Graduate Center)
• Anne McClanan, Ph.D. (Harvard), Portland State University
• Elisabeth Miller, M.A.
• Jelena Stojanovic, Ph.D.
• Anahit Ter-Stepanian, Ph.D.
• Leslie V. Wallace, Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh

Biology

• Olivia V. Ambrogio, Ph.D.
• Tigran Ananian, Associate Professor
• Gayne Bablanian, Ph.D.
• Garon Bodor, M.S. (California State University at Long Beach), Freelance Faculty
• Catherine Carney, M.S.
• Lynn L. Carpenter, Ph.D.
• Rachel Groppo, Ph.D.
• Paul Hapeman, Ph.D., University of Florida
• Parvaneh Mohammadian, R.Ph., Ph.D.
• Marianna Pintér, Ph.D.
• Ann Schlosser, M.S.
• Amy L. Thompson, Ph.D., MLS (ASCP)

Business Administration

• Professor Claudia Araiza, Ph.D. (Claremont Graduate University), Southern States University
• David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D., Biola University
• Johnny Jackson, MBA, MHRM
• Charles C. Jumper, MBA, ABD/Ph.D., International Business
• Peter D. Lucash, MBA, MPH, Northeastern University
• Professor Dionne Mahaffey, MS, ABD
• Ryan McPherson, M.A. (Texas State University), University of Texas at San Antonio
• Kevin B. Moquin, J.D. (Suffolk University Law School)
• P. Wynn Norman, Ph.D., (University of Michigan), M.A. (New York Institute of Technology), B.S. (Cornell University), American College of Applied Sciences, South University
• Dr. Peter J. Ostrowski, B.Sc., MBA, MEng, Ph.D.
• Nick Rouse, M.Ed., MCT
• Ray Stephens, Ed.D., MSMgt. (Georgia Southern University, Northern Arizona University)
• Emil R. Suder, MBA, P-MC
• Philip Whitley, MBA
• Professor David J. Yount, Ph.D. (University of Wisconsin-Madison), Mesa Community College

Chemistry

• Marco Curreli, Ph.D.
• Karen Duca, Ph.D. (Brandeis University), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
• Rachel Lerebours, Ph.D.
• Edward Perry
• Gordan T. Reeves, Ph.D.
• Joanna L. Smithback, Ph.D. (Terra State Community College), B.S., Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology and Ph.D., University of Wyoming
• Sonia Cooper Weeks, Associate Professor of Forestry (American Public University System), Ph.D. and Mr, North Carolina State University

Computer Science

• Jenelle Davis, M.S. (The George Washington University), Doctoral Candidate (Northeastern University)
• Michael Henry, MSCS Candidate
• Bhanu Kapoor (Ph.D. and M.S., CS, Southern Methodist University, Dallas and B. Tech., EE, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India)
• Charles W. Lively III, Ph.D. Candidate and MS in Computer Engineering (Texas A&M University), BSE in Computer Engineering (Mercer University)
• J. M. Perry, University of Maryland, University College (Ph.D., University of Connecticut; M.S. Computer Science WPI; M.A. Mathematics Indiana University; B.S. Mathematics College of the Holy Cross)
• Professor Marko Puljic, Ph.D. (Computer Science), Tulane University
• John P. Russo, Associate Professor of Computer Science, Wentworth Institute of Technology
• Naeem Zaman, Ph.D. (Oregon State University), M.B.A. (Amberton University), M.S. (Oregon State University), M.S. (Minnesota State University), B.S. (Emporia State University)

Economics

• Jubeet Kaur Singh
• Dr. Bob McKizzie, B.S., MBA, Ed.D (Nova Southeastern University), Tarrant County College Southeast
• Tony Pizur, Ph.D
• Kevin D. Rollins, Affiliate Faculty, George Mason University

English Literature

• Robert Bullington, M.A. (University of Virginia)
• Luisa T. Cole, M.A.
• James R. Fleming, M.A., Ph.D. in progress
• Paul Gilmore, CSU, Long Beach
• Carolyn Chastain Tedholm, M.A. (English/Education)
• Chad Redwing, Ph.D., University of Chicago

History

• Kathryn Smaw Amerson, Craven Community College
• Bruce Makoto Arnold, M.A., M.S., ABD
• Dr. Christa Dierksheide
• Ulrike Gutberlet (Ohio University)
• Professor Colin Heaton
• Micheal Kevin Jones, ABD/Ph.D in Leadership for Higher Education, Piedmont Community College
• Dr. Paul Kahan, Montgomery Community College
• Andrew S. Ramey, M.A. (Carnegie Mellon University), Carnegie Mellon University
• Dr. Concepcion Saenz-Cambra, Fellow of the American Philosophical Society
• David Toye, Ph.D, (University of California, Santa Barbara), Northeast State Community College (Tennessee)
• Kate Sampsell Willmann, Georgetown University (American University of Central Asia)

Mathematics

• Shreya Amin, B.A. (Mathematics), B.S. (Physics), M.S. (Mathematics)
• John F. Beyers, Ph.D., Director & Professor of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Maryland University College
• Brian W. Dodson, Ph.D. (Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1980)
• Dr. Vikram Duvvuri
• Terrence K. Harrington, B.S. (Jacksonville AL State), M.A. (University of Alabama), Ph.D. (University of Alabama)
• Professor Curtis Menning
• G. Andrew Page, Ph.D. (University of Georgia)
• Clare Wickman, MA (Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, 2010)

Mechanical Engineering

• Ranjeet (Ron) Agarwala, B.S. (Mechanical Engineering – Bangalore University), M.S. (Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University), Ph.D. candidate (Mechanical Engineering, N.C. State University)
• Tuan Dinh, Ph.D.
• Stephen Gibbs, Ph.D. (Chemical Engineering)
• Dr. Kenneth S. Manning, Ph.D., Professor of Engineering Science, SUNY Adirondack

Music

• Marion S. Jacobson, Ph.D.

Philosophy

• Nikolaus Fogle, Ph.D., Renmin University of China
• Chad Redwing, Ph.D., University of Chicago

Physics

• Brian W. Dodson, Ph.D. (Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1980)

Political Science

• Nicole Bartels, M.A.
• Angela Bowie, MPA, Georgia State University
• Benedict E. DeDominicis, Ph.D., The Catholic University of Korea and Walden University
• Daniel Fikreyesus, MPA, Ph.D. Candidate, Adjunct Instructor, Morehouse College
• Dr. Sharon Jumper, J.D. (Wake Forest University)
• Dana (Waller) Schueneman, M.A. (Colorado State University)
• Sarah Schulman, M.Sc., Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Political Science, Rutgers University

Psychology

• Kelvin Bentley, Ph.D. (University of Delaware)
• Dana A. Boyd, Ph.D.
• Barbara Carl, Ph.D., Lecturer for both the Behavioral Sciences and Health and Human Development Departments, The Pennsylvania State University, Capital Campus
• Sara Ericson, M.S. (Counseling Psychology, University of Maryland), Doctoral Candidate (Counseling Psychology, University of Maryland)
• Krystle Hays-Hurd, MA, PSYD ABD, Pepperdine University
• Helena (Mimi) Martin, M.A., Doctoral Candidate (Counseling Psychology – University of Maryland)
• Norman Rose, Ph.D.
• Marcheta Wright, Ph.D.

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Content Review Panel The Foundation’s materials have been carefully vetted and reviewed by an accomplished panel of academic professionals. Some of these individuals have requested to remain anonymous.

Art History

• Professor Michele Greet, George Mason University
• Amy Gansell, Emory University (Fellow, Humanities), SUNY’s Fashion Institute of Technology (Adjunct faculty, Art History), Pratt Institute (Adjunct faculty, Art History)

Biology

• Peer Review Facilitator: Olivia V. Ambrogio, Ph.D.
• Sophia A. Banton, Kaplan
• Nicole Cyr, Research Associate, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University
• Kristian Demary, Ph.D., Massachusetts College of Art and Design
• Tara Jo Holmberg, M.A., M.Rd.
• Wei Li
• Jan A. Pechenik, Tufts University
• John Rooney, Ph.D., J.D., Manchester Community College
• Michael Symon, Post-Doctoral Fellow, Tufts University
• Sharotka Simon, Post-Doctoral Fellow, Brandeis University
• Steven Ziemba, Director of Clinical Research, Pheobe Putney Memorial Hospital
• Jennifer Weeks, University of Phoenix/Science Education Solutions

Business Administration

• Peer Review Facilitator: Charles C. Jumper, MBA, ABD/PhD, International Business
• Erasmus Addae, Collin College
• Dr. Jayanta K. Bandyopadhyay, Central Michigan University
• Sheri Beasley, Ph.D., Baker College
• Nicholas Capaldi, Legendre-Soule Distinguished Chair of Business Ethics, Loyola University New Orleans
• Akinola Fadahunsi, Baptist Bible College
• Rick Gibson, Ph.D., American University
• Gary Giss, Lecturer (Boston University)
• Professor Ken Johnson (Keuka College – China Program)
• Christopher Martin, Ph.D. (Northcentral University)
• Charles Nichols, Professor of Management (Mid-Continent University)
• Venkat R. Edara, Chancellor University, JNT University
• Alan J. Yeck (Al Ain Women’s College)

Chemistry

• Peer Review Facilitator: Joanna L. Smithback, Ph.D. (Terra State Community College), B.S., Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology and Ph.D., University of Wyoming

Computer Science

• Peer Review Facilitator: J. M. Perry, University of Maryland, University College (Ph.D., University of Connecticut; M.S. Computer Science WPI; M.A. Mathematics Indiana University; B.S. Mathematics College of the Holy Cross)
• Dr. Yuhsun Shih, ITT Technical Institute, Colorado Technical University, and Ashford University

Economics

• Peer Review Facilitator: Jubeet Kaur Singh
• Rikard Bandebo
• Edward Hoang, University of Memphis
• Heather Luea, Visiting Assistant Professor (Vanderbilt University)
• Dr. Robert R. McKizzie (Tarrant Country College)
• Spyridon G. Patton
• Ritu Sharma

English Literature

• Peer Review Facilitator: James Fleming
• Monique-Adelle Callahan, Emmanuel College
• Paul Gilmore, CSU, Long Beach
• Nicole Martinez, University of Illinois at Chicago

History

• Peer Review Facilitator: Dr. Concepcion Saenz-Cambra, Fellow of the American Philosophical Society
• Eric Carr, Karpeles Manuscript Library Museums
• Yolimari Garcia, M.A., American Public University System
• Joanne Giarrusso, Queens College
• Dr. Mark Hoolihan, Grand Rapids Community College
• Christopher McCoy, M.A., James Madison University
• Dr. John Radzilowski, University of Alaska Southeast
• Jill Silos-Rooney, Ph.D., University of New Hampshire

Mathematics

• Morris Kalka, Tulane University

Mechanical Engineering

• Peer Review Facilitator: Tuan Dinh, Ph.D.
• Stephen Gibbs, Ph.D.
• Dr. Samuel Sami-Howard, UNLV

Political Science

• Peer Review Facilitators: Nicole Bartels, M.A. and Angela Bowie, MPA, Georgia State University
• Abraham Amoros, York College, Penn State University
• Steve Anthony, Georgia State University
• Julia R. Azari, Ph.D., Marquette University
• Aspen Brinton
• Sara E. Croco, University of Maryland
• William Todd Davidson, DPhil (ABD), University of Oxford
• Matthew Eshbaugh-Soha, University of North Texas
• Thomas E. Flores, George Mason University
• Amy Gangl, University of Wisconsin – Madison
• Neeka Jones, Esq., Pennsylvania State Senate
• Jeffrey Lazarus, Georgia State University
• Linda McKinstry, Delaware County Community College
• Sean Miskell, Syracuse University
• Andrew O’Geen, Stony Brook University
• Leanne Powner
• Sean M. Reilly, University of Pennsylvania
• Sarah Schulman, M.Sc., Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Political Science, Rutgers University
• Chan Woong Shin, Ph.D., Syracuse University
• Joel Simmons, University of Maryland
• Anand Edward Sokhey, The University of Colorado at Boulder
• Haley Swedlund, Centre for International Conflict Analysis and Management, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen
• Justin S. Vaughn, Cleveland State University
• John Zurovchak, West Coast University, Lincoln College Online, and Ashford University

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Saylor Foundation is grateful to the following individuals, organizations, publications, and institutions for their kind permission to include their content on our site.  Note that all relevant copyright and licensing information is indicated wherever original content is posted on our site.  If you would like to share content with our site, please contact us at contact@saylor.org.