ARTH207: Baroque Art to Neoclassicism « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors

Baroque Art to Neoclassicism

Purpose of Course show close

This course will examine the history of Western art from approximately 1600 to approximately 1800—a period that bridges the gap from the Renaissance to the earliest days of the Modern era. Beginning with the Baroque in Counter-Reformation Italy and concluding with Neoclassicism in the late 18th century, we will trace the stylistic developments in Europe and America through a variety of religious, political, and philosophical movements. The class begins with the Baroque, which was the immediate successor to the Renaissance and to Renaissance humanism, and we will examine this period by regions (Italy and Spain, the Netherlands, and France and England). Next, the course moves on to explore the development of two opposing styles that emerged in the 18th century: Rococo and Enlightenment art. The course culminates with Neoclassical art, its development in a politically turbulent France, and its spread into other Western cultures, including Italy, England, and the United States. Crucial to this course is the emergence of characteristics (artistic, social, political, scientific, philosophical, and religious) that anticipate the issues faced by Modern society in the 18th century and after. Long-accepted institutions, such as the Catholic Church and the monarchy, reached their zenith in this environment and were ultimately challenged. Reading assignments and lectures will present an overview of this material, revealing the deep connection between a culture’s sociopolitical climate and its art. By the time you finish this course, you will be familiar with the most important art and artists of Western civilization from approximately 1600 to 1800. You will also have a greater understanding of the most important social and political debates of the time. Moreover, you will be able to explain and discuss the ways in which the themes, styles, and patronage of works of art relate to the social, political, and religious environments in which they were produced. The content covered in this course will prepare you to study Modern art in the West.

Course Information show close

Welcome to ARTH207, Baroque Art to Neoclassicism. Below, please find general information on this course and its requirements.

Primary Resources: This course draws from a number of different resources, including:

Video lectures from SmartHistory
Essays by Professor Robert Baldwin
Podcasts from the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.
Simulated museum visits using the Google Art Project

Requirements for Completion: In order to complete this course successfully you must satisfactorily complete six museum visits using the Google Art Project and three writing assignments based on those museum visits, as well as pass the final exam with a score of 70% or higher.

Note that you will only receive an official grade on your final exam. However, in order to adequately prepare for this exam, you will need to work through all of the assignments listed above.

Your score on the exam will be tabulated as soon as you complete it. If you do not pass the exam, you may take it again.

Time Commitment: This course will take a total of approximately 150 hours to complete.

Tips/Suggestions: As with any art history course, it is important that you take time to carefully examine any and all images presented in this course. Pay careful attention to images presented in video lectures and pause the videos or go back as necessary to review. Most images also can be easily located in a Google search.

Learning Outcomes show close

Upon successful completion of this course, the student will be able to:

Identify works of art from the Baroque, Rococo, Enlightenment, and Neoclassical periods and be able to distinguish between these different periods.
Discuss and identify the oeuvre of the major artists working in Western Europe from 1600–1800.
Explain and identify the regional and cultural differences between works of art produced in the same period (i.e., Baroque, Rococo, Enlightenment, or Neoclassical).
Recognize important works of art from the Baroque through Neoclassical periods, recalling such information as date of creation, artist, patron (if known), medium, and period.
Recognize the features (stylistic and iconographic) typical of each period studied.
Explain and discuss the general arc of Western history from approximately 1600–1800, as seen through the lens of the arts.
Explain the forces influencing the change in style and subject matter in Western art from 1600–1800.
Discuss the sources of influence (from previous historical periods as well as from neighboring geographical regions) that affected art produced from the Baroque to Neoclassical periods.
Compare and contrast works of art from the Baroque through Neoclassical periods to those of other periods and cultures.
Describe the methods and materials used to create works of art from the Baroque to Neoclassical periods.
Explain the ways in which Baroque, Rococo, Enlightenment, and Neoclassical art reveal the social, religious, and political mores of their respective times and places.

Course Requirements show close

In order to take this course, you must:

√ Have a computer

√ Have continuous broadband Internet access

√ Have the ability/permission to install plug-ins or software (e.g., Adobe Reader or Flash)

√ Have the ability to download and save files and documents to a computer

√ Have the ability to open Microsoft files and documents (.doc, .ppt., .xls, etc.)

√ Have competency in the English language

√ Have read the Saylor Student Handbook.

√ Have completed and passed the following courses: ARTH 101, ARTH110, and ARTH111

Unit Outline show close

1 Baroque Art in Italy and Spain
1.1 Introduction to Western Art: 1600–1800
1.2 Baroque Art in Italy
1.2.1 Painting
1.2.2 Sculpture
1.2.3 Architecture
1.3 Spanish Baroque
1.3.1 Overview of Spanish Baroque
1.3.2 Painting
1.3.3 Sculpture

2 Baroque Art in the Netherlands
2.1 Overview of Baroque Art in the Netherlands
2.2 Flemish Baroque
2.2.1 Rubens and Followers
2.2.2 Still Lifes
2.3 Dutch Baroque
2.3.1 Overview of Dutch Baroque
2.3.2 Genre and Portrait Painting
2.3.4 Rembrandt van Rijn
2.3.5 The Domestic Interior
2.3.6 Landscape and Still-Life Painting

3 Baroque Art in France and England
3.1 French Baroque
3.1.1 French Artists in Italy
3.1.2 French Caravaggisti
3.1.3 Louis XIV
3.2 English Baroque
3.2.1 Palladianism in England
3.2.2 Baroque Style in England

4 Rococo
4.1 Overview of Rococo
4.2 Jean-Antoine Watteau
4.3 Francois Boucher
4.4 Jean-Honoré Fragonard
4.5 The Tiepolo Family

5 The Enlightenment
5.1 France
5.1.1 Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin
5.1.2 Jean-Baptiste Greuze
5.1.3 Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun
5.1.4 Adélaide Labille-Guiard
5.1.5 Jean-Antoine Houdon
5.2 England and America
5.2.1 William Hogarth
5.2.2 Joseph Wright of Derby
5.2.3 Thomas Gainsborough
5.2.4 Sir Joshua Reynolds
5.2.5 Benjamin West
5.3 Italy
5.3.1 Canaletto

6 Neoclassicism
6.1 Overview of Neoclassical Art
6.2 Europe
6.2.1 Angelica Kauffmann
6.2.2 Jacques-Louis David
6.2.3 Sculpture and Architecture
6.3 United States
6.3.1 Paintings and Drawings
6.3.2 Sculpture and Architecture

7 Final Exam

Expand All Resources Collapse All Resources

Unit 1: Baroque Art in Italy and Spain

This unit will introduce students to Italian art from around 1600 as Italian art transitioned away from the ideals of the Renaissance period toward something new. Much of the art produced in Italy at this time was influenced by the crisis of the Catholic Church, as it was challenged by the Reformation. It sought to fight this challenge with its own movement, known as the Counter-Reformation. To promote its cause, the Catholic Church commissioned religious art that sought to move and inspire the masses. The young artist Caravaggio emerged in this environment and exerted enormous influence on Baroque art around Europe. Nearby Spain—also a bastion of the Counter-Reformation—dealt with similar issues as its Italian neighbors, although it was informed by its own distinct artistic heritage.

Unit 1 Time Advisory show close

Unit 1 Learning Outcomes show close

1.1 Introduction to Western Art: 1600–1800

Reading: Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Common Values Before and After 1700” and “Baldwin The Counter Reformation and Art”
Links: Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Common Values Before and After 1700” (Microsoft Word) and “Baldwin The Counter Reformation and Art” (Microsoft Word)

Instructions: Please visit the webpages linked above to find these two readings. The first reading can be found under “Essays Thematic (Mostly Gender),” and the second reading can be found under “Italian and French 17th-Century Art.” These readings will provide you with a brief introduction to the major issues to be discussed in this class.

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1.2 Baroque Art in Italy

1.2.1 Painting

1.2.1.1 Caravaggio

Lecture: Smarthistory: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Stephen Zucker: “Caravaggio’s Paintings in the Contarelli Chapel, San Luigi dei Francesi,” “Caravaggio’s Calling of Saint Matthew,” “Caravaggio’s Crucifixion of Saint Peter,” and “Caravaggio’s Narcissus at the Source”
Links: Smarthistory: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Stephen Zucker: “Caravaggio’s Paintings in the Contarelli Chapel, San Luigi dei Francesi,” (Adobe Flash) “Caravaggio’s Calling of Saint Matthew,”(Adobe Flash) “Caravaggio’s Crucifixion of Saint Peter,” (Adobe Flash) and “Caravaggio’s Narcissus at the Source” Adobe Flash and PDF.

Instructions: Please watch these videos (approximately 19 minutes total) for an introduction to the art of Caravaggio.

Terms of Use: The above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License and is attributed to SmartHistory.org.
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Reading: Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Caravaggio’s Calling of Matthew and Conversion of Saul” and “Baldwin Caravaggio’s Madonna of Loreto” and Smarthistory: “Caravaggio’s Deposition, or Entombment” and “Caravaggio’s Calling of Saint Matthew”
Links: Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Caravaggio’s Calling of Matthew and Conversion of Saul” (Microsoft Word) and “Baldwin Caravaggio’s Madonna of Loreto” (Microsoft Word) and Smarthistory: “Caravaggio’s Deposition, or Entombment” (PDF) and “Caravaggio’s Calling of Saint Matthew” Flash Video and PDF.

Instructions: Please visit Professor Robert Baldwin: “Essays by Period” webpage to find the two essays on Caravaggio under the section “Italian and French 17th-Century Art.” Please also read these entire webpages from Smarthistory.

Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpages above. The SmartHistory sources are released under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License (HTML) and the original versions can be viewed here: “Caravaggio’s Deposition, or Entombment” (HTML) and “Caravaggio’s Calling of Saint Matthew” (HMTL).
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1.2.1.2 Artemisia Gentileschi

Reading: Web Gallery of Art: “Gentileschi, Artemisia,” “Judith Beheading Holofernes,” and “Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting”
Links: Web Gallery of Art: “Gentileschi, Artemisia,” (HTML) “Judith Beheading Holofernes,” (HTML) and “Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an introduction to the art of Artemisia Gentileschi.

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Lecture: iTunesU: The Brooklyn Museum: The Dinner Party: Maura Reilly: “4145-Artemesia Gentileschi”; Smarthistory: John Machado and Denise Johnson of Iconomaniacs: “Gentileschi’s Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting”; and iTunesU: Iconomaniacs: John Machado and Denise Johnson: “15: Artemisia Gentileschi”
Links: iTunesU: The Brooklyn Museum: The Dinner Party: Maura Reilly: “4145-Artemesia Gentileschi” (iTunes U); Smarthistory: John Machado and Denise Johnson of Iconomaniacs: “Gentileschi’s Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting” (Adobe Flash); and iTunesU: Iconomaniacs: John Machado and Denise Johnson: “15: Artemisia Gentileschi” (YouTube)

Also available in: (Iconomaniacs)
iTunes U

Instructions: Please listen to/watch these lectures (approximately 25 minutes total) for an introduction to the art of Artemisia Gentileschi.

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1.2.1.3 Annibale Carracci

Reading: Web Gallery of Art: “Carracci, Annibale,” “Lamentation of Christ,” and “The Flight into Egypt” and Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Carracci’s Farnese Ceiling”
Links: Web Gallery of Art: “Carracci, Annibale,” (HTML) “Lamentation of Christ,” (HTML) and “The Flight into Egypt” (HTML) and Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Carracci’s Farnese Ceiling” (Microsoft Word)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages from Web Gallery of Art. You will find the Professor Baldwin reading under “Italian and French 17th-Century Art” on Professor Baldwin’s “Essays by Period” webpage.

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Lecture: Smarthistory: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. David Drogin: “Carracci’s Ceiling of the Farnese Palace” and “Carracci’s Crucifixion & Lamentation”
Links: Smarthistory: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. David Drogin: “Carracci’s Ceiling of the Farnese Palace” (Adobe Flash) and “Carracci’s Crucifixion & Lamentation” (Adobe Flash)

Also available in: (Crucifixion & Lamentation)
iTunes

Instructions: Please watch these videos (approximately 20 minutes total) for an introduction to the art of Annibale Carracci.

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1.2.2 Sculpture

1.2.2.1 Gianlorenzo Bernini

Reading: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Veronica White: “Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598–1680)”; Smarthistory: “Bernini’s David,” “Bernini’s Pluto and Proserpina,” and “Bernini’s Ecstasy of St. Theresa”; and Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Bernini’s Ecstasy of Teresa” and “Bernini’s Ludovica Albertoni”
Links: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Veronica White: “Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598–1680)” (HTML); Smarthistory: “Bernini’s David,” (PDF) “Bernini’s Pluto and Proserpina,” (PDF) and “Bernini’s Ecstasy of St. Theresa” (PDF); and Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Bernini’s Ecstasy of Teresa” (Microsoft Word) and “Baldwin Bernini’s Ludovica Albertoni” (Microsoft Word)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages linked above (videos will be assigned later). Please note that the general Bernini reading from the Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History covers material you will need to know for subunits 1.2.2.1 and 1.2.3. You will find the Professor Baldwin readings under “Italian and French 17th-Century Art” on Professor Baldwin’s “Essays by Period” webpage

Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpages above. The SmartHistory.org's resources are released under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License (HTML) and the original versions can be viewed here: “Bernini’s David,” (HTML) “Bernini’s Pluto and Proserpina,” (HTML) and “Bernini’s Ecstasy of St. Theresa” (HTML).
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Lecture: Smarthistory: “Bernini’s David,” “Bernini’s Pluto and Proserpina,” and “Bernini’s Bust of Medusa” and Smarthistory: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Stephen Zucker: “Bernini’s Apollo and Daphne,” “Bernini’s Ecstasy of St. Theresa,” “Bernini’s Saint Peter’s Square,” and “Bernini’s Cathedra Petri”
Links: Smarthistory: “Bernini’s David,” (YouTube) “Bernini’s Pluto and Proserpina,” (YouTube) and “Bernini’s Bust of Medusa” (Adobe Flash) and Smarthistory: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Stephen Zucker: “Bernini’s Apollo and Daphne,” (YouTube) “Bernini’s Ecstasy of St. Theresa,” (Adobe Flash) and “Bernini’s Cathedra Petri” (Adobe Flash)

Instructions: Please watch these videos (approximately 23 minutes total) for an introduction to the sculpture of Bernini.

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1.2.3 Architecture

Reading: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Jean Sorabella: “Baroque Rome”
Link: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Jean Sorabella: “Baroque Rome” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read this entire webpage for an introduction to Baroque Rome. Note: This subunit is also covered by the reading assigned beneath subunit 1.2.2.1.

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Lecture: The Saylor Foundation's "Introduction to Italian Baroque Architecture"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "Introduction to Italian Baroque Architecture" (YouTube)

Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this video for a brief introduction to the architecture of Baroque Italy.
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1.2.3.1 Carlo Maderno

Reading: The Saylor Foundation's "Carlo Maderno and His Architecture"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "Carlo Maderno and His Architecture" (PDF)

Instructions: Please read this in its entirety.
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Lecture: The Saylor Foundation's "Carlo Maderno and the Italian Baroque"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "Carlo Maderno and the Italian Baroque" (YouTube)

Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this video for a brief introduction to this important Italian Baroque architect.
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1.2.3.2 Gianlorenzo Bernini

Reading: Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Bernini Piazza San Pietro”
Link: Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Bernini Piazza San Pietro” (Microsoft Word)

Instructions: Please visit Professor Baldwin’s “Essays by Period” webpage to find the assigned reading under “Italian and French 17th-Century Art.” Please read this entire webpage for an introduction to one of Bernini’s most important architectural commissions.

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Lecture: Smarthistory: Frank Dabell, Dr. Beth Harris, and Dr. Stephen Zucker: “Sant’Andrea al Quirinale” and “Bernini’s Saint Peter’s Square”
Links: Smarthistory: Frank Dabell, Dr. Beth Harris, and Dr. Stephen Zucker: “Sant’Andrea al Quirinale” (YouTube) and “Bernini’s Saint Peter’s Square” (YouTube)

Instructions: Please watch these videos (approximately 12 minutes total) for an introduction to the architecture of Bernini.

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Lecture: The Saylor Foundation's "Gianlorenzo Bernini and Italian Baroque Architecture"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "Gianlorenzo Bernini and Italian Baroque Architecture" (YouTube)

Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this video for a brief introduction to the architecture of Gianlorenzo Bernini.

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1.2.3.3 Francesco Borromini

Reading: The Saylor Foundation's "Francesco Borromini and His Architecture"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "Francesco Borromini and His Architecture" (PDF)

Instructions: Please read this in its entirety.
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Lecture: Smarthistory: Frank Dabell, Dr. Beth Harris, and Dr. Stephen Zucker: “San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane”
Link: Smarthistory: Frank Dabell, Dr. Beth Harris, and Dr. Stephen Zucker: “San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane” (Adobe Flash)

Instructions: Please watch this video (approximately 7 minutes) for an overview of this important church by Borromini.

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Lecture: The Saylor Foundation's "Francesco Borromini and the Italian Baroque"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "Francesco Borromini and the Italian Baroque" (YouTube)

Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this video for a brief introduction to this important Italian Baroque architect.

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1.3 Spanish Baroque

1.3.1 Overview of Spanish Baroque

Reading: Web Gallery of Art: “History (17th Century)”
Link: Web Gallery of Art: “History (17th Century)” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read this entire webpage for an introduction to Spain in the Baroque period.

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Web Media: National Gallery of Art: “The Sacred Made Real: Spanish Painting and Sculpture, 1600–1700”
Link: National Gallery of Art: “The Sacred Made Real: Spanish Painting and Sculpture, 1600–1700” (HTML)

Instructions: Please view each of the 28 images in this slideshow, reading all accompanying text. Please note that the information presented in this slideshow covers material you will need to know for subunits 1.3.1 to 1.3.3.

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1.3.2 Painting

Reading: Web Gallery of Art: “Baroque Painting: The Golden Age”
Link: Web Gallery of Art: “Baroque Painting: The Golden Age” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read this entire webpage for an overview of Spanish Baroque Painting.

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Lecture: National Gallery of Art: Behind the Scenes: Assistant Curator Xavier Bray and David Brown: “The Sacred Made Real: Spanish Painting and Sculpture, 1600–1700: Part 2, Spanish Realism”
Link: National Gallery of Art: Behind the Scenes: Assistant Curator Xavier Bray and David Brown: “The Sacred Made Real: Spanish Painting and Sculpture, 1600–1700: Part 2, Spanish Realism” (Mp3 or iTunes U)

Instructions: Please listen to the entire podcast (approximately 25 minutes) for an overview of Spanish Baroque painting. To open, scroll down to the corresponding lecture under “March 2010” and click on one of the links. As a visual aid, you may wish to view some of the images from the aforementioned National Gallery of Art slideshow.

Note: This subunit is covered by the Web Media assigned beneath subunit 1.3.1.

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1.3.2.1 Juan Sanchez Cotán

Reading: Web Gallery of Art: “Sanchez Cotán, Juan” and “Still-Life with Quince, Cabbage, Melon and Cucumber”
Links: Web Gallery of Art: “Sanchez Cotán, Juan” (HTML) and “Still-Life with Quince, Cabbage, Melon and Cucumber” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an introduction to the famed Spanish still-life painter.

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1.3.2.2 Diego Velazquez

Reading: Web Gallery of Art: “Art of Velázquez: Life and Art of Velázquez” and “Art of Velázquez: Assessment”
Links: Web Gallery of Art: “Art of Velázquez: Life and Art of Velázquez” (HTML) and “Art of Velázquez: Assessment” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an introduction to Spanish Baroque painter Diego Velazquez.

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Lecture: Smarthistory: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Stephen Zucker: “Velázquez’s Las Meninas,” Los Borrachos or The Triumph of Bacchus,” and “Vulcan’s Foge” and iTunesU: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Keith Christiansen and Michael Gallagher: “Velázquez Rediscovered”
Links: Smarthistory: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Stephen Zucker: “Velázquez's Las Meninas,” (HTML, Adobe Flash) “Los Borrachos or The Triumph of Bacchus,” (YouTube) and “Vulcan’s Forge” (YouTube) and The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Keith Christiansen and Michael Gallagher: “Velázquez Rediscovered” (YouTube)

Instructions: Please watch/listen to these lectures (approximately 28 minutes total) for an introduction to the art of Diego Velazquez.

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1.3.3 Sculpture

Reading: Web Gallery of Art: “Sculpture in Spain: Sculpture in the 17th Century”
Link: Web Gallery of Art: “Sculpture in Spain: Sculpture in the 17th Century” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read the entire webpage.

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Lecture: National Gallery of Art: Behind the Scenes: Assistant Curator Xavier Bray and Mary Levkoff: “The Sacred Made Real: Spanish Painting and Sculpture, 1600–1700: Part 1, Polychromed Sculpture”
Link: National Gallery of Art: Behind the Scenes: Assistant Curator Xavier Bray and Mary Levkoff: “The Sacred Made Real: Spanish Painting and Sculpture, 1600–1700: Part 1, Polychromed Sculpture” (iTunes U)

Instructions: Please listen to the entire podcast (approximately 21 minutes) for an introduction to Spanish Baroque sculpture. Click on number 76 to open the corresponding lecture. As a visual aid, you may wish to view some of the images from the National Gallery of Art slideshow viewed in unit 1.3.1.

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Activity: The Saylor Foundation: Museum Visit #1: “Gemäldegalerie in Berlin, Germany”
Link: The Saylor Foundation: Museum Visit #1: “Gemäldegalerie in Berlin, Germany” (PDF)

Note: This subunit is covered by the Web Media assigned beneath subunit 1.3.1. You may wish to revisit the reading to refresh your memory.

Instructions: Please click the link above to complete this museum visit.
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Assessment: The Saylor Foundation: Writing Assessment #1: “Comparing and Contrasting Caravaggio or Velázquez to a Renaissance Painting”
Link: The Saylor Foundation: Writing Assessment#1: “Comparing and Contrasting Caravaggio or Velázquez to a Renaissance Painting” (PDF)

Instructions: Please click the link above to complete this writing assignment. When you are done—or if you are stuck!—please check your work against The Saylor Foundation’s “ARTH207 Writing Assessment 1: Guide to Responding.” (PDF)
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Unit 2: Baroque Art in the Netherlands

In this unit, we move on to look at Baroque art as it emerged in the Netherlands. In the Baroque period, the Netherlands was split into the Northern Netherlands (the Dutch Republic) and the Southern Netherlands (Flanders). Flanders was Catholic, whereas the Dutch Republic was Protestant; therefore, there is a sharp divide in the subject matter and styles of Baroque art in each region. Nonetheless, the two regions remained geographically and historically connected and shared an earlier Renaissance tradition that influenced the art of each region. Although Baroque art in the Netherlands has a distinctly local flair, there is clear evidence of Italian influence, suggesting the international character of Baroque art.

Unit 2 Time Advisory show close

Unit 2 Learning Outcomes show close

2.1 Overview of Baroque Art in the Netherlands

Reading: Web Gallery of Art: “Painting in the Low Countries: History of the Low Countries (17th Century)”
Link: Web Gallery of Art: “Painting in the Low Countries: History of the Low Countries (17th Century)” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read this entire webpage for an introduction to Baroque art in the Netherlands.

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Lecture: Smarthistory: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Stephen Zucker: “1600-1700 The Baroque”
Link: Smarthistory: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Stephen Zucker: “1600-1700 The Baroque” (YouTube)

Instructions: Please watch the entire video (approximately 13 minutes) for an introduction to Baroque Art in the Netherlands. Please note that this video covers material you need to know for subunits 2.1 through 2.3.

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2.2 Flemish Baroque

Note: This subunit is covered by the lecture assigned beneath subunit 2.1.

2.2.1 Rubens and Followers

2.2.1.1 Peter Paul Rubens

Reading: Smarthistory: “Flanders: Rubens’ The Elevation of the Cross” and Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Rubens Massacre of the Innocents”
Links: Smarthistory: “Flanders: Rubens’ The Elevation of the Cross” (PDF) and Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Rubens Massacre of the Innocents” (Microsoft Word)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages. You will find the Professor Baldwin reading under “Northern 17th-Century Art” on Professor Baldwin’s “Essays by Period” webpage.

Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpages above. SmartHistory.org's resource is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License (HTML) and the original version can be viewed here (HTML).
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Lecture: iTunesU: Art Gallery of New South Wales: Curator Insights: Richard Beresford: “130. Sir Peter Paul Rubens—Constantine Investing His Son Crispus with Command of the Fleet 1622”
Link: iTunesU: Art Gallery of New South Wales: Curator Insights: Richard Beresford: “130. Sir Peter Paul Rubens—Constantine Investing His Son Crispus with Command of the Fleet 1622” (iTunes U)

Instructions: Please listen to the entire podcast (approximately 5 minutes), visiting the Art Gallery of New South Wales to view the image being discussed.

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2.2.1.2 Anthony van Dyck

Reading: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Walter Liedtke: “Peter Paul Rubens (1577–1640) and Anthony van Dyck (1599–1641): Paintings” and The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Michiel C. Plomp: “Peter Paul Rubens (1577–1640) and Anthony van Dyck (1599–1641): Works on Paper”
Links: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Walter Liedtke: “Peter Paul Rubens (1577–1640) and Anthony van Dyck (1599–1641): Paintings” (HTML) and The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Michiel C. Plomp: “Peter Paul Rubens (1577–1640) and Anthony van Dyck (1599–1641): Works on Paper” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an overview of Anthony van Dyck, one of Rubens’s main followers.

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Lecture: Learn Out Loud: “Charles I”
Link: Learn Out Loud: “Charles I” (Adobe Flash)

Instructions: Please listen to this podcast (approximately 6 minutes) to hear a discussion of one of van Dyck’s most famous paintings. To view the image being discussed, visit Wikimedia Commons.

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2.2.2 Still Lifes

Reading: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Walter Liedtke: “Still-Life Painting in Northern Europe, 1600–1800”
Link: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Walter Liedtke: “Still-Life Painting in Northern Europe, 1600–1800” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read this entire webpage for an introduction to still-life painting in Northern Europe. Please note that this reading covers material you need to know for this subunit and for subunit 2.3.3.

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2.2.2.1 Clara Peeters

Reading: National Museum of Women in the Arts: “Artist Profile—Clara Peeters” and “Still Life of Fish and Cat” and Kunstpedia: John Hoogsteder and Willem Jan Hoogsteder: “A Hidden Marriage”
Links: National Museum of Women in the Arts: “Artist Profile—Clara Peeters” (HTML) and “Still Life of Fish and Cat” (HTML) and Kunstpedia: John Hoogsteder and Willem Jan Hoogsteder: “A Hidden Marriage” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an introduction to one of the most important still-life painters from Flanders.

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Lecture: The Saylor Foundation's "Clara Peeters and the Flemish Still Life"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "Clara Peeters and the Flemish Still Life" (YouTube)

Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this video for a brief introduction to Flemish Still Life painting and the art of Clara Peeters.

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2.2.2.2 Frans Snyders

Reading: Web Gallery of Art: “Snyders, Frans,” “The Pantry,” and “Still-Life with Fowl and Game”
Links: Web Gallery of Art: “Snyders, Frans,” (HTML) “The Pantry,” (HTML) and “Still-Life with Fowl and Game” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an introduction to still-life painter Frans Snyders.

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Lecture: The Saylor Foundation's "Frans Snyders and the Flemish Still Life"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "Frans Snyders and the Flemish Still Life" (YouTube)

Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this video for a brief introduction to Frans Snyders and his role in Flemish Baroque still life painting.

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2.2.2.3 Jan de Heem

Reading: Web Gallery of Art: “Heem, Jan Davidsz. de,” and “A Table of Desserts”
Links: Web Gallery of Art: “Heem, Jan Davidsz. de” (HTML) and “A Table of Desserts” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an introduction to Jan de Heem.

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Lecture: The Saylor Foundation's "Jan de Heem and the Baroque Still Life"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "Jan de Heem and the Baroque Still Life" (YouTube)

Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this video for a brief introduction to Jan de Heem and pronk still life paintings.

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2.3 Dutch Baroque

Note: This subunit is covered by the lecture assigned beneath subunit 2.1.

2.3.1 Overview of Dutch Baroque

Reading: Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Dutch Baroque Art and Society: An Introduction” and “Dutch Baroque Art: An Outline”
Links: Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Dutch Baroque Art and Society An Introduction” (Microsoft Word) and “Baldwin Dutch Baroque Art An Outline” (Microsoft Word)

Instructions: Please visit Professor Baldwin’s “Essays by Period” webpage to find these two readings listed under the heading “Northern 17th-Century Art.”

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Lecture: National Gallery of Art: Behind the Scenes: Curator Arthur Wheelock and Barbara Tempchin: “Going Dutch: Exploring Paintings from the Netherlands, Part 1” and “Going Dutch: Exploring Paintings from the Netherlands, Part 2”
Links: National Gallery of Art: Behind the Scenes: Curator Arthur Wheelock and Barbara Tempchin: “Going Dutch: Exploring Paintings from the Netherlands, Part 1” (iTunes U) and “Going Dutch: Exploring Paintings from the Netherlands, Part 2” (iTunes U)

Instructions: Please listen to the entire podcasts (approximately 14 minutes total - #160 and #162). You may wish to tour the images on the National Gallery of Art: “Tour: Dutch Landscapes and Seascapes of the 1600s” and “Tour: Dutch Still Lifes and Landscapes of the 1600s” while you listen to the podcasts.

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2.3.2 Genre and Portrait Painting

Reading: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Jennifer Meagher: “Genre Painting in Northern Europe” and Kunstpedia: John Hoogsteder and Willem Jan Hoogsteder: “Portrait Painters in Rembrandt’s World”
Links: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Jennifer Meagher: “Genre Painting in Northern Europe” (HTML) and Kunstpedia: John Hoogsteder and Willem Jan Hoogsteder: “Portrait Painters in Rembrandt’s World” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an introduction to Dutch genre and portrait painting.

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2.3.2.1 Hendrick Terbrugghen

Reading: Web Gallery of Art’s “Terbrugghen, Hendrick,” “Boy Playing a Recorder,” “The Calling of St Matthew,” “Bagpipe Player,” and “Duet”
Links: Web Gallery of Art: “Terbrugghen, Hendrick,” (HTML) “Boy Playing a Recorder,” (HTML) “The Calling of St Matthew,” (HTML) “Bagpipe Player,” (HTML) and “Duet” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an overview of Dutch artist Hendrick Terbrugghen.

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Lecture: National Gallery of Art: Behind the Scenes: Curator Arthur Wheelock and Barbara Tempchin: “Hendrick ter Brugghen’s Bagpipe Player”
Link: National Gallery of Art: Behind the Scenes: Curator Arthur Wheelock and Barbara Tempchin: “Hendrick ter Brugghen's Bagpipe Player” (iTunes U)

Instructions: Please listen to the entire podcast (approximately 6 minutes - #87) to hear a discussion of one of Terbrugghen’s most famous works of art. Please refer to the “Bagpipe Player” reading assigned above for a visual aid as you listen to this podcast.

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2.3.2.2 Frans Hals

Reading: The Metropolitan Museum of Art of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Walter Liedtke's "Frans Hals (1582/83-1666)"
Link: The Metropolitan Museum of Art of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Walter Liedtke's "Frans Hals (1582/83-1666)" (HTML)

Instructions: Please read this entire webpage for an overview of Dutch artist Frans Hals. When you have finished reading this webpage, click on each of the eleven thumbnail images at the top of the page and read the accompanying text for brief discussions of specific works of art attributed to Frans Hals.

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Lecture: iTunesU: The National Gallery, London: “Episode Nine: July 2007”
Link: iTunesU: The National Gallery, London: “Episode Nine: July 2007” (iTunes U)

Also available in:
Adobe Flash, Mp3 Download

Instructions: Please listen to the first five minutes of this podcast (#96 on the linked iTunes page) for a brief discussion of Frans Hals’s importance in the development of portraiture in the Dutch Republic.

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2.3.2.3 Judith Leyster

Reading: Web Gallery of Art: “Leyster, Judith,” “Carousing Couple,” “Self-Portrait,” and “Young Flute Player"
Links: Web Gallery of Art: “Leyster, Judith,” (HTML) “Carousing Couple,” (HTML) “Self-Portrait,” (HTML) and “Young Flute Player;” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an overview of Dutch artist Judith Leyster and the unique role of women artists in the Baroque.

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Lecture: National Gallery of Art: Behind the Scenes: Curator Arthur Wheelock and Frima Fox Hofrichter: “Judith Leyster, 1609–1660: Part 1, An Introduction” and “Judith Leyster, 1609–1660: Part 2, Leyster’s Technique”
Links: National Gallery of Art: Behind the Scenes: Curator Arthur Wheelock and Frima Fox Hofrichter: “Judith Leyster, 1609-1660: Part 1, An Introduction” (iTunes U) and “Judith Leyster, 1609-1660: Part 2, Leyster’s Technique” (iTunes U)

Instructions: Please listen to the entire podcasts (approximately 22 minutes total – Podcasts #101 and #102). You may wish to review some of the images from the Web Gallery of Art reading assignments (and some that were not assigned) to serve as visual aids as you listen to the podcasts.

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2.3.4 Rembrandt van Rijn

2.3.4.1 Introduction to Rembrandt

Reading: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Walter Liedtke: “Rembrandt van Rijn (1606–1669): Paintings” and Nadine Orenstein: “Rembrandt van Rijn (1606–1669): Prints”
Links: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Walter Liedtke: “Rembrandt van Rijn (1606–1669): Paintings” (HTML) and Nadine Orenstein: “Rembrandt van Rijn (1606–1669): Prints” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these two webpages for an overview of Rembrandt van Rijn and his critical importance in Dutch art.

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Lecture: Lecture: iTunesU: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Walter Liedtke’s “Age of Rembrandt”
Link: iTunesU: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Walter Liedtke’s “Age of Rembrandt” (iTunes U Video)

Instructions: Click on video 7 and watch the entirety of the lecture.

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2.3.4.2 Works of Art by Rembrandt

Reading: Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Rembrandt’s Biblical Prints,” “Baldwin Rembrandt’s Protestant Beggars,” “Baldwin Rembrandt’s Italian and Classical Sources,” “Baldwin Rembrandt’s Art of Paradox,” “Baldwin Rembrandt’s Touch of Love 1 Prodigal Son,” and “Baldwin Rembrandt’s Touch of Love 2 Jewish Bride”
Links: Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Rembrandt’s Biblical Prints,” “Baldwin Rembrandt’s Protestant Beggars,” “Baldwin Rembrandt’s Italian and Classical Sources,” “Baldwin Rembrandt’s Art of Paradox,” “Baldwin Rembrandt’s Touch of Love 1 Prodigal Son,” and “Baldwin Rembrandt’s Touch of Love 2 Jewish Bride”

Note: All websites are in HTML format.

Instructions: Please read these webpages for detailed discussions of Rembrandt van Rijn and his critical importance in Dutch art. For the assigned readings from Professor Baldwin’s site, please find the final three readings from his “Essays by Period” webpage, which is located under the heading “Northern 17th-Century Art.”

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The Saylor Foundation does not yet have materials for this portion of the course. If you are interested in contributing your content to fill this gap or aware of a resource that could be used here, please submit it here.
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Lecture: Smarthistory: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Stephen Zucker: “Rembrandt’s Self-Portrait”; Smarthistory: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. David Drogin: “Rembrandt’s The Three Crosses” and “Rembrandt’s Self-Portraits”; and Smarthistory: Pippa Couch and Rachel Ropeik: “Rembrandt’s Girl at a Window”
Links: Smarthistory: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Stephen Zucker: “Rembrandt’s Self-Portrait”; (Adobe Flash) Smarthistory: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. David Drogin: “Rembrandt’s The Three Crosses” (Adobe Flash) and “Rembrandt’s Self-Portraits” (Adobe Flash); Smarthistory: Pippa Couch and Rachel Ropeik: “Rembrandt’s Girl at a Window” (Adobe Flash)

Also Available in:
iTunes (The Three Crosses #43, Self-Portraits #44)

Instructions: Please watch these entire videos (approximately 33 minutes total) for detailed discussions of some of Rembrandt’s most important paintings and prints.

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2.3.5 The Domestic Interior

2.3.5.1 Jan Vermeer

Reading: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Walter Liedtke: “Johannes Vermeer (1632–1675)” and Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Vermeer’s Allegory of Painting” and “Baldwin Vermeer Concert Trio”
Links: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Walter Liedtke: “Johannes Vermeer (1632–1675)” (HTML) and Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Vermeer’s Allegory of Painting” (Microsoft Word) and “Baldwin Vermeer Concert Trio” (Microsoft Word)

Instructions: Please read the entire Metropolitan Museum of Art webpage. You will find the Professor Baldwin reading under “Northern 17th-Century Art” on Professor Baldwin’s “Essays by Period” webpage.

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Lecture: Smarthistory: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Stephen Zucker: “Baroque Art in Holland: Vermeer’s Young Woman with a Water Pitcher”; The Metropolitan Museum of Art Special Exhibition: Curator Walter Liedtke: “Special Exhibition: Vermeer’s Masterpiece, The Milkmaid”; and Art Babble: National Gallery of Art: “Vermeer: Master of Light—Compilation”
Links: Smarthistory: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Stephen Zucker: “Baroque Art in Holland: Vermeer’s Young Woman with a Water Pitcher” (Adobe Flash); The Metropolitan Museum of Art Special Exhibition: Curator Walter Liedtke: “Special Exhibition: Vermeer’s Masterpiece, The Milkmaid” (Mp3 Download) ; and Art Babble: National Gallery of Art: “Vermeer: Master of Light—Compilation” (YouTube Playlist)

Also available in: (Met. Museum of Art)
iTunes U

Instructions: Please listen to/watch these three lectures (approximately one hour, 39 minutes total). For the Mp3 version of Liedtke’s lecture, click on the first linked version of the Mp3. When listening to the podcast by Walter Liedtke, you will find it helpful to view the image being discussed, which is available at The Metropolitan Museum of Art’s website. The last lecture on Vermeer is in a series of 5 videos on YouTube.

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2.3.5.2 Jan Steen

Reading: Web Gallery of Art: “Steen, Jan,” “Love Sickness,” “The Feast of St. Nicholas,” and “The Bean Feast”
Links: Web Gallery of Art: “Steen, Jan,” (HTML) “Love Sickness,” (HTML) “The Feast of St. Nicholas,” (HTML) and “The Bean Feast” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an introduction to Dutch painter Jan Steen.

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2.3.5.3 Gerard ter Borch

Reading: Web Gallery of Art: “Terborch, Gerard” and Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Ter Borch Lady at the Mirror”
Links: Web Gallery of Art: “Terborch, Gerard” (HTML) and Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Ter Borch Lady at the Mirror” (Microsoft Word)

Instructions: Please read the entire Web Gallery of Art’s webpage. You can access the other assigned reading under the “Northern 17th-Century Art” heading on Professor Baldwin’s “Essays by Period” webpage.

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Reading: iTunesU: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Vermeer’s Masterpiece “The Milkmaid”: Thomas P. Campbell, Walter Liedtke, and Dorothy Mahon: “A Young Woman at Her Toilet with a Maid by Gerard ter Borch – 2nd Level”
Link: iTunesU: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Vermeer’s Masterpiece “The Milkmaid”: Thomas P. Campbell, Walter Liedtke, and Dorothy Mahon: “A Young Woman at Her Toilet with a Maid by Gerard ter Borch – 2nd Level” (iTunes U)

Instructions: Please listen to the entire podcast for a brief (approximately 90 seconds) discussion of Gerard ter Borch and his role in Dutch Baroque painting. To view the image being discussed, click here.

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2.3.6 Landscape and Still-Life Painting

Lecture: The Saylor Foundation's "Dutch Baroque Landscape Painting"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "Dutch Baroque Landscape Painting" (YouTube)

Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this video for a brief introduction to Dutch Baroque landscape painting and the artist Jacob van Ruisdael.

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2.3.6.1 Jacob van Ruisdael

Reading: Web Gallery of Art: “Ruisdael, Jacob Isaackszon van,” “The Jewish Cemetery,” “The Jewish Cemetery,” and “View of Haarlem with Bleaching Grounds”
Links: Web Gallery of Art: “Ruisdael, Jacob Isaackszon van,” “The Jewish Cemetery,” “The Jewish Cemetery,” and “View of Haarlem with Bleaching Grounds”

Note: All websites are in HTML format.

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an introduction to Dutch landscape painter Jacob van Ruisdael.

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2.3.6.2 Dutch Still Life

Reading: Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Dutch Baroque Still Life”
Link: Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Dutch Baroque Still Life” (Microsoft Word)

Instructions: You can find this reading from under the “Northern 17th-Century Art” heading on Professor Baldwin’s “Essays by Period” webpage. Read the entire essay for an overview of Dutch still-life painting.

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2.3.6.2.1 Willem Claesz (Heda)

Lecture: The Saylor Foundation's "Willem Claesz Heda and the Dutch Baroque Still Life"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "Willem Claesz Heda and the Dutch Baroque Still Life" (YouTube)

Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this video for a discussion of one of the most celebrated Dutch Baroque still life painters.

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Reading: The Metropolitan Museum: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: “Pieter Claesz: Still Life with a Skull and a Writing Quill” and “Willem Claesz Heda: Still Life with Oysters, a Silver Tazza, and Glassware”
Links: The Metropolitan Museum: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: “Pieter Claesz: Still Life with a Skull and a Writing Quill” (HTML) and “Willem Claesz Heda: Still Life with Oysters, a Silver Tazza, and Glassware” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an overview of the still lifes of Dutch painter Heda.

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2.3.6.2.2 Rachel Ruysch

Reading: Kunstpedia: John Hoogsteder and Willem Jan Hoogsteder: “Rachel Ruysch, Amsterdam’s Pallas and Minerva of the Amsterdam IJ”
Link: Kunstpedia: John Hoogsteder and Willem Jan Hoogsteder: “Rachel Ruysch, Amsterdam’s Pallas and Minerva of the Amsterdam IJ” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read this entire webpage for an introduction to Dutch still-life painter Rachel Ruysch.

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Lecture: YouTube: The Detroit Institute of Arts: In the Frame: Director Graham Beal: “Women in Art: Flowers in a Glass Vase by Rachel Ruysch”
Link: YouTube: The Detroit Institute of Arts: In the Frame: Director Graham Beal: “Women in Art: Flowers in a Glass Vase by Rachel Ruysch” (YouTube)

Instructions: Please watch this video (approximately 3 minutes) for a discussion of one of Rachel Ruysch’s paintings.

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Lecture: The Saylor Foundation's "Rachel Ruysch and Dutch Baroque Still Life Painting"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "Rachel Ruysch and Dutch Baroque Still Life Painting" (YouTube)

Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this video for a discussion of one of this celebrated still life painter working in the late Baroque period.

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Activity: The Saylor Foundation: Museum Visits #2: “The Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, Netherlands, and The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City”
Link: The Saylor Foundation: Museum Visits #2: “The Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, Netherlands, and The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City” (PDF)

Instructions: Please click the links above to complete these museum visits.
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Unit 3: Baroque Art in France and England

In this unit, we turn to Baroque art produced in France and England. In France, much as in the Netherlands, art is greatly influenced by Baroque art in Italy—albeit tinged with the unique social and political conditions of its own culture. The influence of Caravaggio is felt here as elsewhere, but the unique role of the monarchy resulted in a courtly style unique to France that culminated with the art and architecture produced for Louis XIV. In England, there was less of a local painting tradition and the Baroque is mainly expressed via architecture, which borrows from Italy and France to create a distinct English Baroque architecture.

Unit 3 Time Advisory show close

Unit 3 Learning Outcomes show close

3.1 French Baroque

3.1.1 French Artists in Italy

Reading: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Kathryn Calley Galitz: “The French Academy in Rome”
Link: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Kathryn Calley Galitz: “The French Academy in Rome” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read this entire webpage for an introduction to the French Academy in Rome.

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3.1.1.1 Nicolas Poussin

Reading: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Mary Sprinson de Jesús: “Nicolas Poussin (1594–1665)” and Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Poussin’s Venus Lamenting Adonis” and “Baldwin Poussin’s Stoic Landscape”
Links: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Mary Sprinson de Jesús: “Nicolas Poussin (1594–1665)” (HTML) and Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Poussin’s Venus Lamenting Adonis” (Microsoft Word) and “Baldwin Poussin’s Stoic Landscape” (Microsoft Word)

Instructions: Please read this entire webpage on The Metropolitan Museum of Art’s website. You will find the Professor Baldwin reading under “Italian and French 17th-Century Art” on Professor Baldwin’s “Essays by Period” webpage. Read these entire webpages for a discussion of two of Poussin’s works.

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Lecture: Smarthistory: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. David Drogin: “Poussin’s Landscape with St. John and Rape of the Sabines”; iTunesU: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Keith Christiansen: “Poussin and Nature: Arcadian Visions”; and Canal Educatif à la Demande: History of Arts: “Nicolas Poussin—The Gathering of Mana”
Links: Smarthistory: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. David Drogin: “Poussin’s Landscape with St. John and Rape of the Sabines” (YouTube); iTunesU: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Keith Christiansen: “Poussin and Nature: Arcadian Visions” (YouTube); and Canal Educatif à la Demande: History of Arts: “Nicolas Poussin—The Gathering of Mana” (YouTube)

Also available in:
iTunes (Landscape with St. John #86)

Instructions: Please watch the entire videos (approximately 48 minutes total) for detailed discussions of specific paintings by Nicolas Poussin.

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3.1.1.2 Claude Lorraine

Reading: Web Gallery of Art: “Claude Lorrain”
Link: Web Gallery of Art: “Claude Lorrain” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read this entire webpage for an introduction to French landscape painter Claude Lorrain.

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Lecture: Smarthistory: “Claude Lorraine’s The Judgment of Paris”; iTunesU: Art Gallery of New South Wales: Curator Insights: Richard Beresford: “127. Claude Lorraine—Pastoral Landscape 1636-37”; and iTunesU: The Blanton Museum of Art: “22 – Pastoral Landscape by Lorrain”
Links: Smarthistory: “Claude Lorraine’s The Judgment of Paris” (YouTube); iTunesU: Art Gallery of New South Wales: Curator Insights: Richard Beresford: “127. Claude Lorraine—Pastoral Landscape 1636-37” (iTunes U); and iTunesU: The Blanton Museum of Art: “22 – Pastoral Landscape by Lorrain” (iTunes U)

Also available in:
iTunes (The Judgment of Paris, #31)

Instructions: Please watch/listen to the entire lectures (approximately 11 minutes total). For Richard Beresford’s lecture, click here to view the image being discussed on the Art Gallery of New South Wales website. For the Blanton Museum’s lecture, click here to view the work of art under discussion on the Blanton Museum of Art’s webpage.

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Lecture: The Saylor Foundation's "Claude Lorrain's Landscapes"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "Claude Lorrain's Landscapes

Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this video for an exploration of Claude Lorrain's landscape paintings.

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3.1.2 French Caravaggisti

3.1.2.1 Georges de la Tour

Reading: Sweet Briar College: Misty Amanda Vandergriff’s: “The Realism of Georges de la Tour,” “The Penitent Magdalen,” “Job Mocked by His Wife,” “Christ in the Carpenter’s Shop,” and “Christ in the Carpenter’s Shop (detail)”
Links: Sweet Briar College: Misty Amanda Vandergriff’s: “The Realism of Georges de la Tour,” (HTML) “The Penitent Magdalen,” (HTML) “Job Mocked by His Wife,” (HTML) “Christ in the Carpenter’s Shop,” (HTML) and “Christ in the Carpenter’s Shop (Detail)” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an introduction to French painter Georges de la Tour.

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Lecture: The Saylor Foundation's "Georges de la Tour and French Baroque Painting"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's “Georges de la Tour and French Baroque Painting”

Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this video for an exploration of George de la Tour's paintings.

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3.1.2.2 Simon Vouet

Reading: Web Gallery of Art: “Vouet, Simon,” “The Fortune Teller,” “The Fortune Teller (detail),” “St Jerome and the Angel,” “Presentation in the Temple,” and “Diana”
Links: Web Gallery of Art: “Vouet, Simon,” (HTML) “The Fortune Teller,” (HTML) “The Fortune Teller (detail),” (HTML) “St Jerome and the Angel,” (HTML) “Presentation in the Temple,” (HTML) and “Diana” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an introduction to French Baroque painter Simon Vouet.

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Lecture: The Saylor Foundation's "Simon Vouet and French Baroque Painting"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "Simon Vouet and French Baroque Painting"

Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this video for an exploration of Simon Vouet's paintings.

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3.1.3 Louis XIV

Reading: Smarthistory: “France 1600-1700”; The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: The Department of European Sculpture and Decorative Arts: “French Decorative Arts During the Reign of Louis XIV (1654–1715)”; and Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Versailles and Absolutism”
Links: Smarthistory: “France 1600-1700” (PDF); The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: The Department of European Sculpture and Decorative Arts: “French Decorative Arts During the Reign of Louis XIV (1654–1715)” (HTML); and Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Versailles and Absolutism” (Microsoft Word)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages. You will find the Professor Baldwin reading under the “Italian and French 17th-Century Art” heading on Professor Baldwin’s “Essays by Period” webpage.

Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpages above. The SmartHistory.org resource is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License (HTML) and the original version can be viewed here (HTML).
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Lecture: The Saylor Foundation's "French Baroque under Louis XIV"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "French Baroque under Louis XIV"

Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this video for an introduction to art and ideology under Louis XIV.

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Activity: The Saylor Foundation: Museum Visit #3: “The Palace of Versailles, France”
Link: The Saylor Foundation: Museum Visit #3: “The Palace of Versailles, France” (PDF)

Instructions: Please click the link above to complete this museum visit.
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3.2 English Baroque

3.2.1 Palladianism in England

Reading: The Royal Institute of British Architects: “Palladian Britain,” “Palladianism,” “Seventeenth-Century Palladianism,” “Inigo Jones,” “Queen’s House, Greenwich,” “John Webb,” “Lord Burlington,” and “Chiswick House”
Links: The Royal Institute of British Architects: “Palladian Britain,” “Palladianism,” “Seventeenth-Century Palladianism,” “Inigo Jones,” “Queen’s House, Greenwich,” “John Webb,” “Lord Burlington,” and “Chiswick House”

Note: All websites are in HTML format.

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an overview of English Baroque architecture in the tradition of Palladio and Inigo Jones.

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Lecture: The Saylor Foundation's "Inigo Jones and Palladianism in English Baroque Architecture"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "Inigo Jones and Palladianism in English Baroque Architecture"

Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this video for an introduction to one of the most important architects working in Baroque England.

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3.2.2 Baroque Style in England

Reading: The Royal Institute of British Architects: “A Tribute to Sir Christopher Wren,” “Christopher Wren,” and “The Great Court, Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire”
Links: The Royal Institute of British Architects: “A Tribute to Sir Christopher Wren,” (HTML) “Christopher Wren,” (HTML) and “The Great Court, Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an overview of English Baroque architecture in the tradition of Christopher Wren.

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Lecture: The Royal Society: Lisa Jardine: “St. Paul’s Cathedral and Christopher Wren”
Link: The Royal Society: Lisa Jardine: “Christopher Wren and St. Paul’s Cathedral and Christopher Wren” (iTunes U)

Instructions: Please watch the entire video, #29 on the page, (approximately 62 minutes) for a discussion of Christopher Wren’s important role in English Baroque architecture and this important monument in London.

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Unit 4: Rococo

On the heels of the Baroque, a new style (the Rococo) emerged—a style that was at once more intimate and more ostentatious that the Baroque. The heart of this movement was in France, where it was produced for the personal enjoyment of the most elite patrons, although it did spread to other parts of Europe and to the American colonies. Generally speaking, Rococo art is sumptuous and decadent. Eschewing the religious and genre scenes of the Baroque, Rococo art favored subjects involving pleasure and fantasy. Although this style did enjoy popularity outside of France, it is most associated with the elite circles of the French aristocracy and was soon replaced with a more sober artistic aesthetic.

Unit 4 Time Advisory show close

Unit 4 Learning Outcomes show close

4.1 Overview of Rococo

Reading: Smarthistory: “Rococo”; Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Introduction to the Rococo”; and The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Morrison H. Heckscher: “American Rococo”
Links: Smarthistory: “Rococo” (HTML); Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Introduction to the Rococo” (Microsoft Word); and The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Morrison H. Heckscher: “American Rococo” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages. You will find the Professor Baldwin reading under the “18th Century” heading on Professor Baldwin’s “Essays by Period” webpage.

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Lecture: The Saylor Foundation's "Introduction to Art of the Rococo"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "Introduction to Art of the Rococo"

Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this video for an introduction to the prevailing style of the aristocracy in eighteenth-century France.

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4.2 Jean-Antoine Watteau

Reading: Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Watteau” and The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Perrin Stein: “Jean Antoine Watteau (1684–1721)”
Links: Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Watteau” (Microsoft Word) and The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Perrin Stein: “Jean Antoine Watteau (1684–1721)” (HTML)

Instructions: You will find the Professor Baldwin reading under the “18th Century” heading on Professor Baldwin’s “Essays by Period” webpage. Please also read this entire Metropolitan Museum of Art webpage.

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Lecture: iTunesU: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Georgia Cowart: “Watteau and the Contest Between Melpomene and Thalia”
Link: iTunesU: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Georgia Cowart: “Watteau and the Contest between Melpomene and Thalia” (iTunes U)

Instructions: Please watch the entire video (approximately 50 minutes) for an in-depth discussion of Watteau.

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4.3 Francois Boucher

Reading: Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Boucher”
Link: Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Boucher” (Microsoft Word)

Instructions: Please read Professor Baldwin’s essay, which is available on his “Essays by Period” webpage under the “18th Century” heading.

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Lecture: Smarthistory: “Boucher’s Venus Consoling Love” and “Boucher’s Madame de Pompadour” and iTunesU: Art Gallery of New South Wales: Curator Insights: Richard Beresford: “126. Francois Boucher—A Young Lady Holding a Pug Dog, mid 1740s”
Links: Smarthistory: “Boucher’s Venus Consoling Love” (Adobe Flash) and “Boucher’s Madame de Pompadour” (YouTube) and iTunesU: Art Gallery of New South Wales: Curator Insights: Richard Beresford: “126. Francois Boucher—A Young Lady Holding a Pug Dog, mid 1740s” (iTunes U)

Also available in:
iTunes (Venus Consoling Love, #54)

Instructions: Please watch/listen to these lectures (approximately 10 minutes total) for discussions of some specific works of art attributed to Boucher. For the podcast from the Art Gallery of New South Wales, click here to view the image being discussed.

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4.4 Jean-Honoré Fragonard

Reading: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Perrin Stein: “Jean-Honoré Fragonard (1732–1806)” and Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Fragonard”
Links: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Perrin Stein: “Jean-Honoré Fragonard (1732–1806)” (HTML) and Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Fragonard” (Microsoft Word)

Instructions: Please read this entire Metropolitan Museum of Art webpage. You will find the Professor Baldwin reading under “18th Century” on Professor Baldwin’s “Essays by Period” webpage.

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Lecture: Smarthistory: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Stephen Zucker: “Fragonard’s The Swing”; Smarthistory: Dr. Stephen Zucker, Chad Laird, and Dr. Juliana Kreinik: “Fragonard’s The Meeting”; and National Gallery of Art: Behind the Scenes: Colin B. Bailey: “Fragonard’s ‘Progress of Love’ at The Frick Collection: A Site-Specific Installation?”
Links: Smarthistory: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Stephen Zucker: “Fragonard’s The Swing” (Adobe Flash); Smarthistory: Dr. Stephen Zucker, Chad Laird, and Dr. Juliana Kreinik: “Fragonard’s The Meeting” (Adobe Flash); and National Gallery of Art: Behind the Scenes: Colin B. Bailey: “Fragonard’s ‘Progress of Love’ at The Frick Collection: A Site-Specific Installation?” (iTunes U)

Also available in:
iTunes (The Meeting, #121)
Mp3 (Progress of Love, scroll to February 2011)

Instructions: Please watch/listen to these lectures (approximately 69 minutes total). For the National Gallery podcast (#21), please visit The Frick Collection’s website to view the Progress of Love images.

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The Saylor Foundation does not yet have materials for this portion of the course. If you are interested in contributing your content to fill this gap or aware of a resource that could be used here, please submit it here.
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Activity: The Saylor Foundation: Museum Visit #4: “The Fragonard Room at The Frick Collection in New York City”
Link: The Saylor Foundation: Museum Visit #4: “The Fragonard Room at The Frick Collection in New York City” (PDF)

Instructions: Please click the link above to complete this museum visit.
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4.5 The Tiepolo Family

Reading: Smarthistory: Jeremy Miller: “The Tiepolo Family” and The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Keith Christiansen: “Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (1696–1770)”
Links: Smarthistory: Jeremy Miller: “The Tiepolo Family” (PDF) and The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Keith Christiansen: “Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (1696–1770)” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an overview of the Italian Rococo as seen in the works of the Tiepolo family.

Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpages above. The SmartHistory.org resource is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License (HTML) and the original version can be viewed here (HTML).
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Assessment: The Saylor Foundation: Writing Assessment #2: “Comparing and Contrasting Fragonard’s The Meeting and Rembrandt’s The Nightwatch”
Link: The Saylor Foundation: Writing Assessment #2: “Comparing and Contrasting Fragonard’s The Meeting and Rembrandt’s The Nightwatch” (PDF)

Instructions: Please click the link above to complete this writing Assessment. When you are done—or if you are stuck!—please check your work against The Saylor Foundation’s “ARTH207 Writing Assessment 2: Guide to Responding.” (PDF)
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Lecture: The Saylor Foundation's "The Rococo in Italy: Tiepolo"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "The Rococo in Italy: Tiepolo"

Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this video for an introduction to the leading Rococo artist of Italy.

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Unit 5: The Enlightenment

As the Rococo style enjoyed popularity in France, another, more serious-minded style was emerging in tandem with the scientific and philosophical developments of the Enlightenment. In stark contrast to the frivolity and gaiety of the Rococo, art of the Enlightenment period is sentimental, moralizing, and—at times—satirical. Mirroring the rapid political and scientific changes of the time, art of this period shows a greater interest in social concerns, morality, justice, and human progress. During the Enlightenment, the issues we often associate with the Modern era begin to emerge, and these issues are palpable in the period’s art.

Unit 5 Time Advisory show close

Unit 5 Learning Outcomes show close

5.1 France

Reading: Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Family Values in 18th Century French Art”; The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Laura Auricchio: “Eighteenth-Century Women Painters in France”; and Smarthistory’s “1700-1800 Age of Enlightenment.”
Link: Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Family Values in 18th Century French Art” (Microsoft Word); The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Laura Auricchio: “Eighteenth-Century Women Painters in France” (HTML); and Smarthistory's "1700-1800 Age of Enlightenment" (PDF)

Instructions: Please read Professor Baldwin’s essay, which is available on his “Essays by Period” webpage under the “18th Century” heading. Please also read the page on The Metropolitan Museum of Art’s site and look at each of the images posted at the top of the page, and then read the Smarthistory article.

Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpages above. The Smarthistory article above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0 (HTML). It is attributed to Smarthistory and the original version can be found here (HTML).
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5.1.1 Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin

Reading: Web Gallery of Art: “Chardin, Jean-Baptiste-Siméon,” “The Ray,” “A ‘Lean Diet’ with Cooking Utensils,” “The Copper Drinking Fountain,” “The Provider (La Pourvoyeuse),” and “The Soap Bubble” and Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Chardin”
Links: Web Gallery of Art: “Chardin, Jean-Baptiste-Siméon,” (HTML) “The Ray,” (HTML) “A ‘Lean Diet’ with Cooking Utensils,” (HTML) “The Copper Drinking Fountain,” (HTML) “The Provider (La Pouvoyeuse),” (HTML) and “The Soap Bubble” (HTML) and Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Chardin” (Microsoft Word)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages. You will find the Professor Baldwin reading under the “18th Century” heading on Professor Baldwin’s “Essays by Period” webpage.

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Lecture: The Saylor Foundation's "Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin"

Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this video for an introduction to this important eighteenth-century French artist.

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5.1.2 Jean-Baptiste Greuze

Reading: Web Gallery of Art: “Greuze, Jean-Baptiste,” “L'Accordée de Village,” and “Epiphany (Le gâteau des rois)” and Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Greuze”
Links: Web Gallery of Art: “Greuze, Jean-Baptiste,” (HTML) L'Accordée de Village,” (HTML) and “Epiphany (Le gâteau des rois)” (HTML) and Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Greuze” (Microsoft Word)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages. You will find the Professor Baldwin reading under the “18th Century” heading on Professor Baldwin’s “Essays by Period” webpage.

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Lecture: The Saylor Foundation's "Jean-Baptiste Greuze"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "Jean-Baptiste Greuze"

Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this video for an introduction to this important eighteenth-century French artist.

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5.1.3 Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun

Reading: Web Gallery of Art: “Vigée-LeBrun, Élisabeth,” “The Genius of Alexander,” “Self-Portrait in a Straw Hat” and SUNY College at Oneonta: Images of Women in Western Art: Dr. Allen Farber: “Eighteenth-Century Women Artists: Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun and Adélaïde Labille-Guiard”
Links: Web Gallery of Art: “Vigée-LeBrun, Élisabeth,” (HTML) “The Genius of Alexander,” (HTML) and “Self-Portrait in a Straw Hat,” (HTML) and SUNY College at Oneonta: Images of Women in Western Art: Dr. Allen Farber: “Eighteenth-Century Women Artists: Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun and Adélaïde Labille-Guiard” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an introduction to this important female artist from the Enlightenment period in France. Note that Dr. Allen Farber’s reading covers material that you will also need to know for subunit 5.1.4.

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Lecture: Smarthistory: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Stephen Zucker: “Vigée Le Brun’s Madame Perregaux”
Link: Smarthistory: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Stephen Zucker: “Vigée Le Brun’s Madame Perregaux” (Adobe Flash)

Instructions: Please watch the entire video (approximately 2 minutes) for a discussion of an important work by Vigée Le Brun.

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5.1.4 Adélaide Labille-Guiard

Reading: The Getty Museum: Getty Guide: “Adélaïde Labille-Guiard” and “Head of a Young Woman;” The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: “Adélaïde Labille-Guiard. Self-Portrait with Two Pupils, Mademoiselle Marie Gabrielle Capet (1761–1818) and Mademoiselle Carreaux de Rosemond (died 1788)”
Links: The Getty Museum: Getty Guide: “Adélaïde Labille-Guiard” (HTML) and “Head of a Young Woman” (HTML) andThe Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: “Adélaïde Labille-Guiard. Self-Portrait with Two Pupils, Mademoiselle Marie Gabrielle Capet (1761–1818) and Mademoiselle Carreaux de Rosemond (died 1788)” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an introduction to this important woman artist from the Enlightenment period in France. Note: This subunit is covered by Dr. Allen Farber’s reading assigned beneath subunit 5.1.3.

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Lecture: The Saylor Foundation's "Adélaide Labille-Guiard"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "Adélaide Labille-Guiard"

Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this video for an introduction to this important eighteenth-century French artist.

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5.1.5 Jean-Antoine Houdon

Reading: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Johanna Hecht: “Jean-Antoine Houdon (1741–1828)” and Web Gallery of Art: “Bust of Diderot” and “Robert Fulton”
Links: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Johanna Hect: “Jean-Antoine Houdon (1741–1828)” (HTML) and Web Gallery of Art: “Bust of Diderot” (HTML) and “Robert Fulton” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an overview of the artistic career of Jean-Antoine Houdon.

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Lecture: The Saylor Foundation's "Jean-Antoine Houdon"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "Jean-Antoine Houdon" (YouTube)

Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this video for an introduction to this eighteenth-century French sculptor.
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5.2 England and America

Reading: Art History Unstuffed: Dr. Jeanne S. M. Willette: “Royal Academy in England” and The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: David Jaffee: “Art and Identity in the British North American Colonies, 1700–1776”
Links: Art History Unstuffed: Dr. Jeanne S. M. Willette: “Royal Academy in England” (HTML) and The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: David Jaffee: “Art and Identity in the British North American Colonies, 1700–1776” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an introduction to art of the Enlightenment period in England and Colonial America.

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5.2.1 William Hogarth

Reading: Web Gallery of Art: “Hogarth, William,” and “Marriage à la Mode”; Smarthistory: Sophie Harland’s “Hogarth’s A Rake’s Progress"; and Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Hogarth’s Marriage a la Mode and Actaeon”
Links: Web Gallery of Art: “Hogarth, William,” (HTML) and “Marriage à la Mode” (HTML); Smarthistory: Sophie Harland's Hogarth's A Rake's Progress,” (PDF); and Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Hogarth’s Marriage a la Mode and Actaeon” (Microsoft Word)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages. You will find the Professor Baldwin reading under the “18th Century” heading on Professor Baldwin’s “Essays by Period” webpage. You will find it helpful to refer to Hogarth’s “La Toilette” (PDF) as you read Professor Baldwin’s essay.

Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpages above. The image is in the public domain. The Smarthistory article above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0 (HTML). It is attributed to Smarthistory and the original version can be found here (HTML).
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Lecture: The Saylor Foundation's "William Hogarth"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "William Hogarth" (YouTube)

Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this video for an introduction to this English artist.
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5.2.2 Joseph Wright of Derby

Reading: Web Gallery of Art: “Wright, Joseph,” “Experiment with the Air Pump,” and “A Philosopher Lecturing with a Mechanical Planetary” and Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Wright of Derby and Vesuvius as Volcanic Sublime”
Links: Web Gallery of Art: “Wright, Joseph,” (HTML) “Experiment with the Air Pump,” (HTML) and “A Philosopher Lecturing with a Mechanical Planetary” (HTML) and Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin Wright of Derby and Vesuvius as Volcanic Sublime” (Microsoft Word)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages. You will find the Professor Baldwin reading under the “18th Century” heading on Professor Baldwin’s “Essays by Period” webpage. While reading Professor Baldwin’s essay, you may wish to view the image “View of Vesuvius from Posilippo” at the Web Gallery of Art.

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Lecture: The Saylor Foundation's "Joseph Wright of Derby"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "Joseph Wright of Derby" (YouTube)

Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this video for an introduction to this important English painter.
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5.2.3 Thomas Gainsborough

Reading: Web Gallery of Art: “Gainsborough, Thomas,” “Mr and Mrs Andrews,” and “Mr and Mrs William Hallett (‘The Morning Walk’)”
Links: Web Gallery of Art: “Gainsborough, Thomas,” (HTML) “Mr and Mrs Andrews,” (HTML) and “Mr and Mrs William Hallett (‘The Morning Walk’)” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an introduction to Thomas Gainsborough and his art.

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Lecture: The Saylor Foundation's "Thomas Gainsborough"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "Thomas Gainsborough" (YouTube)

Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this video for an introduction to this important English portrait painter.
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5.2.4 Sir Joshua Reynolds

Reading: Web Gallery of Art: “Reynolds, Sir Joshua,” “Lady Cockburn and Her Three Eldest Sons,” and “Francis Rawdon-Hastings”
Links: Web Gallery of Art: “Reynolds, Sir Joshua,” (HTML) “Lady Cockburn and Her Three Eldest Sons,” (HTML) and “Francis Rawdon-Hastings” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an introduction to Sir Joshua Reynolds and his art.

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Lecture: Smarthistory: Pippa Couch and Rachel Ropeik’s “Sir Joshua Reynolds’s Lady Cockburn and Her Three Eldest Sons”
Link: Smarthistory: Pippa Couch and Rachel Ropeik’s “Sir Joshua Reynolds’s Lady Cockburn and Her Three Eldest Sons” (Adobe Flash)

Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this video for a discussion of one of Sir Joshua Reynolds’ most celebrated paintings.

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Lecture: The Saylor Foundation's "Sir Joshua Reynolds"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "Sir Joshua Reynolds" (YouTube)

Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this video for an introduction to another important English painter.
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5.2.5 Benjamin West

Reading: Web Gallery of Art: “West, Benjamin,” “Edward III Crossing the Somme,” “The Treaty of Penn with the Indians,” and “The Death of General Wolfe” and The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Carrie Rebora Barratt: “Students of Benjamin West (1738–1820)”
Links: Web Gallery of Art: “West, Benjamin,” (HTML) “Edward III Crossing the Somme,” (HTML) “The Treaty of Penn with the Indians,” (HTML) and “The Death of General Wolfe” (HTML) and The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Carrie Rebora Barratt: “Students of Benjamin West (1738–1820)” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an introduction to Benjamin West and his art.

Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpages above.
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Lecture: The Saylor Foundation's "Benjamin West"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "Benjamin West" (YouTube)

Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this video for an introduction to this important American-born painter.
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5.3 Italy

Reading: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Jean Sorabella: “The Grand Tour” and the Royal Institute of British Architects: “The Grand Tour”
Links: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Jean Sorabella: “The Grand Tour” (HTML) and the Royal Institute of British Architects: “The Grand Tour” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an introduction to the role of Italy in 18th-century Europe.

Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpages above.
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5.3.1 Canaletto

Reading: Web Gallery of Art: “Canaletto,” “Piazza San Marco,” “The Piazetta, Looking toward the Clock Tower,” and “The Riva degli Schiavoni”
Links: Web Gallery of Art: “Canaletto,” (HTML) “Piazza San Marco,” (HTML) “The Piazetta, Looking toward the Clock Tower,” (HTML) and “The Riva degli Schiavoni” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an introduction to Canaletto.

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Lecture: The Dulwich Picture Gallery Multimedia Channel: Past Exhibitions: “Canaletto in England: A Venetian Artist Abroad 1746-1755”: Ian Dejardin: “In England,” “Modern Metropolis,” “Westminster Bridge,” and “Canaletto’s Life”
Link: The Dulwich Picture Gallery Multimedia Channel: Past Exhibitions: “Canaletto in England: A Venetian Artist Abroad 1746-1755” (Adobe Flash): Ian Dejardin: “In England,” “Modern Metropolis,” “Westminster Bridge,” and “Canaletto’s Life”

Instructions: Please click the link to watch all four videos (approximately 21 minutes total) for an overview of Canaletto and his art during his stay in England.

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Activity: The Saylor Foundation: Museum Visit #5: “Tate Britain in London, United Kingdom”
Link: The Saylor Foundation: Museum Visit #5: “Tate Britain in London, United Kingdom” (PDF)

Instructions: Please click the link above to complete this museum visit.
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Unit 6: Neoclassicism

This final unit culminates with the emergence of Neoclassicism. Something of an extension of (and logical next stage of) the Age of Enlightenment, Neoclassicism coincides with several political developments and conflicts—most notably, the American and French revolutions. Looking to classical antiquity as an ideal of artistic, political, and moral virtue, artists (among others) developed a new (“neo”) classical tradition that suited the political climate of the time. Subject matter, style, medium, and genre were all borrowed from Classical antiquity but were overlaid with contemporary subjects and tastes.

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6.1 Overview of Neoclassical Art

Reading: The Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Cybele Gontar: “Neoclassicism”; Smarthistory: Beth Gersch-Nesic: “Neo-Classicism”; and Art History Unstuffed: Dr. Jeanne S. M. Willette: “The Origins of Neoclassicism”
Links: The Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Cybele Gontar: “Neoclassicism” (HTML); Smarthistory: Beth Gersch-Nesic: “Neo-Classicism” (PDF) ; and Art History Unstuffed: Dr. Jeanne S. M. Willette: “The Origins of Neoclassicism” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an introduction to Neoclassical art and society.

Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpages above. The SmartHistory.org resource is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (HTML) and the original version can be viewed here (HTML).
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Lecture: The Saylor Foundation's "Introduction to Neoclassicism"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "Introduction to Neoclassicism" (YouTube)

Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this video for an introduction to this very important style that emerged in the seventeenth century.
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6.2 Europe

6.2.1 Angelica Kauffmann

Reading: Web Gallery of Art: “Kauffmann, Angelica” and “Portrait of a Woman”
Links: Web Gallery of Art: “Kauffmann, Angelica” (HTML) and “Portrait of a Woman” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an overview of this important Neoclassical artist.

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6.2.2 Jacques-Louis David

Reading: Smarthistory: “David’s Oath of the Horatii,” “David’s Death of Socrates,” and “David’s Death of Marat”; Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin David’s Death of Marat”; and The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Kathryn Calley Galitz: “The Legacy of Jacques-Louis David (1748–1825)”
Links: Smarthistory: “David’s Oath of the Horatii,” (HTML) “David’s Death of Socrates,” (HTML) and “David’s Death of Marat” (PDF); Social History of Art: Professor Robert Baldwin: “Baldwin David’s Death of Marat” (Microsoft Word); and The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Kathryn Calley Galitz: “The Legacy of Jacques-Louis David (1748–1825)” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages. You will find the Professor Baldwin reading under the “18th Century” heading on Professor Baldwin’s “Essays by Period” webpage.

Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpages above. The SmartHistory.org resources are released under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License (HTML). The original version of "David's Death of Marat" can be found here (HTML).
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Lecture: Smarthistory: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Stephen Zucker: “David’s Oath of the Horatii,” “David’s Death of Socrates,” and “David’s Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries”
Links: Smarthistory: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Stephen Zucker: “David’s Oath of the Horatii,” (Adobe Flash) “David’s Death of Socrates,” (YouTube) and “David’s Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries” (YouTube)

Also available in:
iTunes (Oath of the Horatii, #77; Death of Socrates, #89; Emperor Napoleon, #55)

Instructions: Please watch these videos (approximately 16 minutes total) for a discussion of specific works of art by Jacques-Louis David.

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6.2.3 Sculpture and Architecture

Reading: Art History Unstuffed: Dr. Jeanne S. M. Willette: “French Neoclassicism: Sculpture and Architecture”
Link: Art History Unstuffed: Dr. Jeanne S. M. Willette: “French Neoclassicism: Sculpture and Architecture” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an introduction to sculpture and architecture in Neoclassical Europe.

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6.2.3.1 Sculpture

Reading: Web Gallery of Art: “Canova, Antonio” and “Cupid and Psyche”; Art History Unstuffed: Dr. Jeanne S. M. Willette’s “The French Academy: Sculpture,” and Smarthistory: Ben Pollitt’s “Canova’s Paolina Borghese as Venus Victorius
Links: Web Gallery of Art: “Canova, Antonio” (HTML), and “Cupid and Psyche” (HTML); Art History Unstuffed: Dr. Jeanne S. M. Willette’s "The French Academy: Sculpture" (HTML); and Smarthistory: Ben Pollitt's "Canova's Paolina Borghese as Venus Victorius (PDF)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an introduction to sculpture and architecture in Neoclassical Europe.

Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpages above. The Smarthistory article above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0 (HTML). It is attributed to Smarthistory and the original version can be found here (HTML).
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Lecture: The Saylor Foundation's "Neoclassical Sculpture in Europe"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "Neoclassical Sculpture in Europe" (YouTube)

Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this video for an overview of Neoclassical sculpture in Europe.
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6.2.3.2 Architecture, esp. Soufflot

Reading: The Saylor Foundation's "Neoclassical Architecture in France and Jacques-Germain Soufflot"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "Neoclassical Architecture in France and Jacques-Germain Soufflot" (PDF)

Instructions: Please read the article above in its entirety.
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Lecture: The Saylor Foundation's "Neoclassical Architecture in Europe"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "Neoclassical Architecture in Europe" (YouTube)

Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this video for an overview of Neoclassical architecture in Europe.
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6.3 United States

Reading: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: David Jaffee: “Art and Identity in the British North American Colonies, 1700–1776” and “Art and Society of the New Republic, 1776–1800”
Links: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: David Jaffee: “Art and Identity in the British North American Colonies, 1700–1776” (HTML) and “Art and Society of the New Republic, 1776–1800” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an introduction to Neoclassical art in America.

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6.3.1 Paintings and Drawings

Reading: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Kevin J. Avery: “Late Eighteenth-Century American Drawings”
Link: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Kevin J. Avery: “Late Eighteenth-Century American Drawings” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read this entire webpage for a discussion of Neoclassical drawings.

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6.3.1.1 John Singleton Copley

Reading: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Carrie Rebora Barratt: “John Singleton Copley (1738–1815)” and Smarthistory: Meg Floryan: “John Singleton Copley,” “Boy with a Squirrel,” and “Copley’s Watson and the Shark”
Links: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Carrie Rebora Barratt: “John Singleton Copley (1738–1815)” (HTML) and Smarthistory: Meg Floryan: “John Singleton Copley,” (HTML) “Boy with a Squirrel,” (HTML) and “Copley’s Watson and the Shark” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an overview of the art of John Singleton Copley.

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6.3.1.2 Gilbert Stuart

Reading: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Carrie Rebora Barratt: “Gilbert Stuart (1755–1828)” and Web Gallery of Art: “George Washington”
Links: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Carrie Rebora Barratt: “Gilbert Stuart (1755–1828)” (HTML) and Web Gallery of Art: “George Washington” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an overview of the art of Gilbert Stuart.

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6.3.1.3 John Trumbull

Reading: AmericanRevolution.org: "Jonathan Trumbull" and Architect of the Capitol’s "Declaration of Independence"
Links: AmericanRevolution.org: "Jonathan Trumbull" (HTML) and Architect of the Capitol’s "Declaration of Independence" (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an overview of the art of Jonathan Trumbull.

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6.3.2 Sculpture and Architecture

Reading: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Thayer Tolles: “American Neoclassical Sculptors Abroad”; Boston College: A Digital Archive of American Architecture: Jeffery Howe: “Neoclassical Architecture c. 1780-1850”; Web Gallery of Art: “George Washington”; and the Colonial Williamsburg Official History Site: Tracy L. Kamerer and Scott W. Nolley: “Rediscovering an American I
Links: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Thayer Tolles: “American Neoclassical Sculptors Abroad” (HTML); Boston College: A Digital Archive of American Architecture: Jeffery Howe: “Neoclassical Architecture c. 1780-1850” (HTML) ; Web Gallery of Art: “George Washington” (HTML); and the Colonial Williamsburg Official History Site: Tracy L. Kamerer and Scott W. Nolley: “Rediscovering an American Icon: Houdon’s Washington” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for an overview of Neoclassical sculpture and architecture in America.

Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpages above.
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6.3.2.1 Thomas Jefferson

Reading: University of Virginia: American Studies Group: Joshua Johns: “Jefferson and the Politics of Architecture” and Bluffton University: Digital Imaging Project: Mary Ann Sullivan: “Images of Monticello: Index and Introduction,” “Images of the Lawn, University of Virginia,” and “Images of the Rotunda, University of Virginia”
Links: University of Virginia: American Studies Group: Joshua Johns: “Jefferson and the Politics of Architecture” (HTML) and Bluffton University: Digital Imaging Project: Mary Ann Sullivan: “Images of Monticello: Index and Introduction,” (HTML) “Images of the Lawn, University of Virginia,” (HTML) and “Images of the Rotunda, University of Virginia” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages. For the webpage on Monticello, view each of the five pages listed in the index at the bottom of the page. For the webpages about the University of Virginia, be sure to click the links at the bottom of the page to view all three pages.

Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpages above.
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6.3.2.2 The U.S. Capitol Building

Reading: The Architect of the Capitol: “Dr. William Thornton,” “Model Showing Dr. William Thornton’s Designs for the Capitol,” and “Benjamin Henry Latrobe”
Links: The Architect of the Capitol: “Dr. William Thornton,” (HTML) “Model Showing Dr. William Thornton’s Designs for the Capitol,” (HTML) and “Benjamin Henry Latrobe” (HTML)

Instructions: Please read these entire webpages for a brief overview of the building history of the U.S. Capitol Building.

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Lecture: The Architect of the Capitol: “The History of the United States Capitol”
Link: The Architect of the Capitol: “The History of the United States Capitol” (Adobe Flash)

Instructions: Please watch this brief video (approximately 5 minutes) for a history of the building of the U.S. Capitol Building.

Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpages above.
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Activity: The Saylor Foundation: Museum Visits #6: “The Palace of Versailles, France, and Alte Nationalgalerie in Berlin, Germany”
Link: The Saylor Foundation: Museum Visits #6: “The Palace of Versailles, France, and Alte Nationalgalerie in Berlin, Germany” (PDF)

Instructions: Please click the links above to complete these museum visits.
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Assessment: The Saylor Foundation: Writing Assessment#3: “One Image as Representative of Its Period”
Link: The Saylor Foundation: Writing Assessment#3: “One Image as Representative of Its Period” (PDF)

Instructions: Please click the link above to complete this writing Assessment. When you are done—or if you are stuck!—please check your work against The Saylor Foundation’s “ARTH207 Writing Assessment 2: Guide to Responding.” (PDF)
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Final Exam

Final Exam: The Saylor Foundation's ARTH207 Final Exam
Link: The Saylor Foundation's ARTH207 Final Exam

Instructions: You must be logged into your Saylor Foundation School account in order to access this exam. If you do not yet have an account, you will be able to create one, free of charge, after clicking the link.
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