Introduction to Molecular and Cellular Biology
Purpose of Course showclose
Course Information showclose
Course Designers: Liang Wang, Johanna Choo, and Katie George
Primary Resources: This course is comprised of a range of different free, online materials. However, the course makes primary use of the following materials:
- Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael J. Farabee’s On-Line Biology Book
- National Institutes of Health: Geoffrey Cooper et al.’s The Cell
- YouTube: Saylor Foundation’s General Biology Lectures
- National Institutes of Health: Harvey Lodish and Arnold Berk et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology
- National Institutes of Health: Jeremy Berg and John Tymoczko et al.’s Biochemistry
- National Institutes of Health: Bruce Alberts and Alexander Johnson et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell
- McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Seeley, Stephens, and Tate’s Anatomy & Physiology, 7e
- Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages
- University of California, Davis’s ChemWiki: The Dynamic Chemistry Textbook
Requirements for Completion: In order to complete this course, you must review the material from all units (1–8). You will also be required to complete:
- Unit 1 Quiz
- Subunit 2.8 Problem-Based Learning Assessment
- Unit 2 Quiz
- Unit 3 Quiz
- Subunit 4.7 Problem-Based Learning Assessment
- Unit 4 Quiz
- Unit 5 Quiz
- Unit 6 Quiz
- Unit 7 Quiz
- Unit 8 Quiz
- Final Exam
In order to “pass” this course, you will need to earn a 70% or higher on the final exam.
Your score on the exam will be tabulated as soon as you complete it. If you do not pass the exam, you may take it again.
Time Commitment: Completing this course should take you a total of 126 hours. Each unit includes a “time advisory” that lists the amount of time you are expected to spend on the subunits inside. These should help you plan your time accordingly. It may be useful to take a look at these time advisories and determine how much time you have over the next few weeks to complete each unit and then set goals for yourself. For example, Unit 1 should take you about 7.75 hours. Perhaps you can sit down with your calendar and decide to complete subunits 1.1 and 1.2 (a total of 1.25 hours) on Monday night, subunit 1.3 (a total of 5.5 hours) on Tuesday night, and so forth.
Tips/Suggestions: For more information on the topics covered in this course, please refer to BIO101B. As you read or watch the lectures, it may be helpful to take notes. It has been found that the physical act of writing helps a student retain material. These notes can also act as a study guide for the final exam.
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This course features a number of Khan Academy™ videos. Khan Academy™ has a library of over 3,000 videos covering a range of topics (math, physics, chemistry, finance, history and more), plus over 300 practice exercises. All Khan Academy™ materials are available for free at www.khanacademy.org.
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Learning Outcomes showclose
- describe in general terms how life began on Earth;
- identify early scientists that played important roles in furthering our understanding of cellular life;
- describe the characteristics that define life;
- list the inorganic and organic molecules that are necessary for life;
- list the structure and function of organelles in animal and plant cells;
- list the similarities and differences between animal and plant cells;
- describe the reactions in photosynthesis;
- explain how the different photosynthetic reactions are found in different parts of the chloroplast;
- describe the sequence of photosynthetic reactions;
- explain the use of products and the synthesis of reactants in photosynthesis;
- explain how protein is synthesized in eukaryotic cells;
- describe the similarities and differences between photosynthesis and aerobic respiration;
- list the reactions in aerobic respiration;
- explain the use of products and the synthesis of reactants in aerobic respiration; and
- describe the similarities and differences between anaerobic and aerobic respiration.
Course Requirements showclose
√ have access to a computer;
√ have continuous broadband Internet access;
√ have the ability/permission to install plug-ins or software (e.g., Adobe Reader or Flash);
√ have the ability to download and save files and documents to a computer;
√ have the ability to open Microsoft files and documents (.doc, .ppt, .xls, etc.);
√ have competency in the English language; and
√ have read the Saylor Student Handbook.
Unit Outline show close
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Unit 1: Biology and Life
This unit will provide you with some background information on what biology has meant to people over time, from early Greek philosophers to the scientists that laid the foundation for modern biology. We will also discuss the characteristics that define life in an organism.
Unit 1 Time Advisory show close
Unit 1 Learning Outcomes show close
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1.1 Spontaneous Generation
- Web Media: YouTube: EvolutionVsCreation’s “Spontaneous Generation from Evolution: The Grand Experiment, Book and Video Series”
Link: YouTube: EvolutionVsCreation’s “Spontaneous Generation from Evolution: The Grand Experiment, Book and Video Series” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this video, which will introduce the concept of spontaneous generation and show some experiments for and against its validity. The video describes how early scientists mistakenly thought life spontaneously appeared from nonliving things. The video’s underlying message also points out how the process of scientific discovery involves trial and error, allowing later, correct interpretations of the world to replace earlier, scientific misconceptions or errors.
Watching this video and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: YouTube: EvolutionVsCreation’s “Spontaneous Generation from Evolution: The Grand Experiment, Book and Video Series”
- 1.2 Early Science and Biology
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1.2.1 The Scientific Method
- Web Media: YouTube: Clintondale Community Schools: Greg Green’s “Biology – The Scientific Method”Link: YouTube: Clintondale Community Schools: Greg Green’s “Biology – The Scientific Method” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this video, which will provide a more in-depth look at the scientific method from a biology point of view. Be sure to take notes on all the terms the presenter introduces.
Watching this video and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: The linked material above has been reposted by the kind permission of Greg Green from Clintondale Community Schools, and can be viewed in its original form here. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: YouTube: Clintondale Community Schools: Greg Green’s “Biology – The Scientific Method”
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1.2.2 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
- Reading: Arizona State University’s The Embryo Project Encyclopedia: “Antoni van Leeuwenhoek” (HTML)
Link: Arizona State University’s The Embryo Project Encyclopedia: “Antoni van Leeuwenhoek” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this biography of Leeuwenhoek to understand the life of this famous scientist and his important contributions to biology.
Reading this biography and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.The Saylor Foundation does not yet have materials for this portion of the course. If you are interested in contributing your content to fill this gap or aware of a resource that could be used here, please submit it here.
- Web Media: YouTube: Microbiology Bytes: Alan Cann’s “Antonie van Leeuwenhoek”
Link: YouTube: Microbiology Bytes: Alan Cann’s “Antonie van Leeuwenhoek” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this brief video about the life and work of Leeuwenhoek, and take note of Leeuwenhoek’s major accomplishments.
Watching this video and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Arizona State University’s The Embryo Project Encyclopedia: “Antoni van Leeuwenhoek” (HTML)
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1.2.3 Louis Pasteur
- Reading: BBC History: “Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)”
Link: BBC History: “Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this entry to learn about Pasteur and the importance of his work to advance biology and the idea of germ theory. Read any milk carton label and you will come face-to-face with Pasteur’s legacy. See it? The label should read “pasteurized milk,” referencing Pasteur’s discovery about how heat kills the organisms that spoil food.
Reading this page and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Zephyrus Education: “Louis Pasteur (1822–95)”
Link: Zephyrus Education: “Louis Pasteur (1822–95)” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this article to understand Pasteur’s contributions to vaccination and disease prevention.
Reading this article and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: BBC History: “Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)”
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1.2.4 Gregor Mendel
- Web Media: YouTube: Whirlytunes’s “Mendel’s Peas Genetics – Experiments That Changed the World”
Link: YouTube: Whirlytunes’s “Mendel’s Peas Genetics – Experiments That Changed the World” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this video and note the contributions of Gregor Mendel to the field of heredity and the future of molecular biology. We will learn more about mendelian genetics in subunit 7.1.
Watching this video and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Scitable: Dr. Ilona Miko’s “Gregor Mendel and the Principles of Inheritance”
Link: Scitable: Dr. Ilona Miko’s “Gregor Mendel and the Principles of Inheritance” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this article to understand how traits are passed down through generations. In particular, pay attention to the concept of allelles being forms of the same gene.
Reading this article and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: YouTube: Whirlytunes’s “Mendel’s Peas Genetics – Experiments That Changed the World”
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1.2.5 James Watson and Francis Crick
- Web Media: YouTube: Virginia Commonwealth University Life Sciences: “The Secret of Life – Discovery of DNA Structure”
Link: YouTube: Virginia Commonwealth University Life Sciences: “The Secret of Life – Discovery of DNA Structure” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this video and note the accomplishment and the impact of Watson and Crick on molecular biology.
Watching this video and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Scitable: Dr. Leslie Pray’s “Discovery of DNA Structure and Function: Watson and Crick”
Link: Scitable: Dr. Leslie Pray’s “Discovery of DNA Structure and Function: Watson and Crick” (HTML)
Instruction: Read this article to understand how DNA was discovered and the contributions of Watson and Crick to the discovery of DNA structure.
Reading this article and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Scitable: “Rosalind Franklin: A Crucial Contribution”
Link: Scitable: “Rosalind Franklin: A Crucial Contribution” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this article about Rosalind Franklin’s contribution to the discovery of DNA structure. Also note the controversy surrounding her contributions.
Reading this article and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: YouTube: Virginia Commonwealth University Life Sciences: “The Secret of Life – Discovery of DNA Structure”
- 1.3 Biological Characteristics of Life
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1.3.1 Homeostasis
- Web Media: YouTube: Slackerbiz’s “Homeostasis”
Link: YouTube: Slackerbiz’s “Homeostasis” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this video, which will teach you all you need to know about homeostasis. Be sure to know all of the feedback mechanisms.
Watching this video and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Wikipedia: “Human Homeostasis”
Link: Wikipedia: “Human Homeostasis” (PDF)
Instructions: Read this article to learn about the homeostasis of the human body. Be sure to take notes on individual topics, such as pH and body temperature.
Reading this article and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: The article above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Wikipedia, and the original version can be found here.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: YouTube: Slackerbiz’s “Homeostasis”
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1.3.2 Organization
- Reading: Alabama Science in Motion: “Where Do We Fit In?”
Link: Alabama Science in Motion: “Where Do We Fit In?” (PDF)
Instructions: Open the link and locate the PDF file. Read this article, which will help you understand the main levels of organization in biology, from largest to smallest.
Reading this objective and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Alabama Science in Motion: “Where Do We Fit In?”
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1.3.3 Metabolism
- Web Media: Montgomery Community College: Professor Sniezek’s “Introduction to Metabolism: Chapter 8: Metabolism, Energy, and Life”
Link: Montgomery Community College: Professor Sniezek’s “Introduction to Metabolism: Chapter 8: Metabolism, Energy, and Life” (PowerPoint or PDF)
Instructions: Open the link and locate the PDF or PPT file for the Chapter 8 slides. Read the Chapter 8 slides to learn about metabolism and its components. Note that metabolism involves many enzymes. Also, energy generated from metabolism is transferred to ATP, the currency of cells’ energy, which is then used to transfer energy from one place to another.
Viewing this presentation and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: Montgomery Community College: Professor Sniezek’s “Introduction to Metabolism: Chapter 8: Metabolism, Energy, and Life”
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1.3.4 Growth
- Reading: Queen’s University Belfast: “Basic Cancer Course: Growth”
Link: Queen’s University Belfast: “Basic Cancer Course: Growth” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this webpage and click the links to organismal growth, morphogenesis, and differentiation to learn about how growth occurs at all levels, from cell, to organ, to whole organism.
Reading this resource and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Queen’s University Belfast: “Basic Cancer Course: Growth”
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1.3.5 Adaptation and Evolution
- Web Media: Tennessee State University: Professor Dafeng Hui’s “Adaptation and Evolution”
Link: Tennessee State University: Professor Dafeng Hui’s “Adaptation and Evolution” (PDF)
Instructions: Read the slides from this lecture, which explain adaptation and evolution.
Reading this PowerPoint lecture and taking notes should take approximately 2 hours.
Terms of Use: The linked material above has been reposted by the kind permission of Professor Dafeng Hui, and can be viewed in its original form here. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: Khan Academy’s “Introduction to Evolution and Natural Selection”
Link: Khan Academy’s “Introduction to Evolution and Natural Selection” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this lecture for an introduction to evolution and natural selection.
Watching this lecture and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes to complete.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License. It is attributed to Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: Tennessee State University: Professor Dafeng Hui’s “Adaptation and Evolution”
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1.3.6 Response to Environment
- Web Media: YouTube: Michael Sullivan, Brett M. Warner, and Nicholas Hood’s “Response to Stimuli”
Link: YouTube: Michael Sullivan, Brett M. Warner, and Nicholas Hood’s “Response to Stimuli” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this video on response to stimuli, a primary characteristic of life. Response to stimuli can be behavioral (as seen in this video) or physiological in nature. For example, a person can move into the shade if he or she is too hot (behavior), but that person may begin sweating (physiological).
Watching this video and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: YouTube: Michael Sullivan, Brett M. Warner, and Nicholas Hood’s “Response to Stimuli”
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1.3.7 Reproduction
- Reading: Science Unleashed: “Introduction to Reproduction”
Link: Science Unleashed: “Introduction to Reproduction” (PDF)
Instructions: Open the link and locate the PDF document. Read this article for an overview of reproduction.
Reading this resource and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Science Unleashed: “Introduction to Reproduction”
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Unit 1 Assessment
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation’s “BIO101 Unit 1 Assessment”
Link: The Saylor Foundation’s “BIO101 Unit 1 Assessment”
Instructions: Complete this assessment to gauge your understanding of the topics covered in this unit. The correct answers will be displayed when you click the “Submit” button.
Completing this assessment should take approximately 30 minutes.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation’s “BIO101 Unit 1 Assessment”
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Unit 2: Molecules, Macromolecules, and Polymers
Molecules are the basic particles that make up both living and nonliving things. They are comprised of atoms joined together in bonds. Some molecules are quite small, such as water. Larger molecules are called macromolecules and can be hundreds to thousands the size a water molecule. Examples of macromolecules are nucleotides and amino acids. When macromolecules are linked together, they become polymers. Examples of polymers are lipids, complex carbohydrates, and proteins. Although it may seem strange to think of it in this way, life at its most fundamental level consists of a series of reactions involving these molecules. For this reason, you must understand molecules and molecular behavior in order to understand modern biology. (Note that you may opt to study molecules in greater detail in BIO401: Biochemistry.)
Unit 2 Time Advisory show close
Unit 2 Learning Outcomes show close
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2.1 Water
- Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael J. Farabee’s “Chemistry II: Water and Organic Molecules”
Link: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael J. Farabee’s “Chemistry II: Water and Organic Molecules” (HTML)
Instructions: Read the “Structure of Water” section, which identifies the characteristics of water that make it the most vital molecule for life.
Reading this section and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Kei Hau School: “The Importance of Water”
Link: Kei Hau School: “The Importance of Water” (HTML)
Instructions: Read and understand this table. It identifies the characteristics of water that make it the most vital molecule for life.
Reading this table and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael J. Farabee’s “Chemistry II: Water and Organic Molecules”
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2.2 Carbohydrates
- Lecture: University of California, Berkeley: Webcast.Berkeley: “Structure and Function Lipids, Carbohydrate and Nucleic Acids”
Link: University of California, Berkeley: Webcast.Berkeley: “Structure and Function Lipids, Carbohydrate and Nucleic Acids” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this lecture form the 2:50 to 13:10 marks to learn about carbohydrates. Be sure to take good notes. This lecture provides an overview for subunits 2.2.1 through 2.2.4.
Watching this video and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: The above video is reposted from the University of California, Berkeley’s Webcast.Berkeley. This video is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: “Carbohydrates”
Link: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: “Carbohydrates” (PDF)
Instructions: Read this article for an introduction to the carbohydrates unit. Note that this reading covers the material you need to know for subunits 2.2.1 through 2.2.3.
Reading this article and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: The linked material above has been reposted by the kind permission of Professor John W. Kimball, and can be viewed in its original form here. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: University of California, Davis: ChemWiki: “Carbohydrates”
Link: University of California, Davis: ChemWiki: “Carbohydrates” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this article on carbohydrates and click on the embedded links. Note that this reading covers the material you need to know for subunits 2.2.1 through 2.2.2.
Reading this article and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. It is attributed to the University of California, Davis.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: University of California, Berkeley: Webcast.Berkeley: “Structure and Function Lipids, Carbohydrate and Nucleic Acids”
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2.2.1 Monosaccharides
Note: This subunit is covered by Professor Kimball’s resource in subunit 2.2. Please focus on the “Monosaccharides” section. This subunit is also covered by the University of California, Davis resource in subunit 2.2. Please focus on the “Di-, Poly-Carbohydrates” section.
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “Sugars Provide an Energy Source for Cells and Are the Subunits of Polysaccharides”Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “Sugars Provide an Energy Source for Cells and Are the Subunits of Polysaccharides” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this section to learn about monosaccharides. Also, take a look at the figures in this section. Glucose, the most common form of monosaccharide, is necessary for life. Essentially all the food that you eat breaks down into glucose. If your body does not obtain enough of it from food, then it will break down your muscle and fat and then convert it to glucose.
Reading this section and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “Sugars Provide an Energy Source for Cells and Are the Subunits of Polysaccharides”
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2.2.2 Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
Note: This subunit is covered by Professor Kimball’s resource in subunit 2.1. Please focus on the “Disaccharides” and “Polysaccharides” sections. This subunit is also covered by the University of California, Davis resource in subunit 2.2. Please focus on the “Di-, Poly-Carbohydrates” section.
- Reading: University of California, Davis: ChemWiki: “Carbohydrate Classification”
Link: University of California, Davis: ChemWiki: “Carbohydrate Classification” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this article, paying close attention to the figures for examples of disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also, click on the hyperlinked names of carbohydrates to learn more about their biological importance.
Reading this article and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. It is attributed to the University of California, Davis.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: University of California, Davis: ChemWiki: “Carbohydrate Classification”
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2.2.3 Glycosidic Bonds
Note: This subunit is covered by Professor Kimball’s resource in subunit 2.1. It discusses glycosidic bonds in each of the sections.
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “α and β Glycosidic Bonds Link Monosaccharides”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “α and β Glycosidic Bonds Link Monosaccharides” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this section. A glycosidic linkage is simply a bond that joins one monosaccharide to another monosaccharide. Though there are two basic types of glycosidic linkages, our bodies can only break down one type. This limited ability explains why we can eat bread (one type of linkage) but not paper (the other type of linkage).
Reading this section and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “α and β Glycosidic Bonds Link Monosaccharides”
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2.3 Proteins
- Web Media: YouTube: The Science Department: “Introduction to Proteins”
Link: YouTube: The Science Department: “Introduction to Proteins” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this video for a brief introduction to proteins, amino acids, and protein structures.
Watching this video and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Proteins”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Proteins” (HTML)
Instructions: Read the “Proteins” section and pay attention to the associated figures (Figures 2.13–2.21) to understand protein structure.
Reading this webpage and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: YouTube: The Science Department: “Introduction to Proteins”
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2.3.1 Proteins
- Reading: The Open University: “Proteins”
Link: The Open University: “Proteins” (HTML)
Instructions: Read the introduction on this webpage, and then click on Unit 1 under “Contents.” Read each of the subunits in Unit 1 and complete the associated activities.
Reading this resource, completing the activities, and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour and 30 minutes.
This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. It is attributed to the Open University.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Open University: “Proteins”
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2.3.2 Amino Acids
- Reading: University of Arizona: The Biology Project: “Biochemistry: Basic Structure of an Amino Acid” and “Biochemistry: The Chemistry of Amino Acids”
Link: University of Arizona: The Biology Project: “Biochemistry: Basic Structure of an Amino Acid” and “Biochemistry: The Chemistry of Amino Acids” (HTML)
Instructions: Study the information on the first webpage to understand the basic structure found in all amino acids. Then, go to the second webpage and click on each of the 20 amino acids in the right margin to learn about their structure and properties. All life on Earth contains proteins built from the 20 amino acid molecules. The unique properties of each of these amino acids and the protein polypeptides formed from their combinations create the diversity of protein macromolecules. In turn, the diverse protein macromolecules form enzymes, tissues, organs, and organ systems found in all living things.
Reading these webpages should take approximately 2 hours.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: University of Arizona: The Biology Project: “Biochemistry: Basic Structure of an Amino Acid” and “Biochemistry: The Chemistry of Amino Acids”
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2.3.3 Protein Structure
- Reading: National Institutes of Health: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “Four Levels of Structure Determine the Shape of Proteins”
Link: National Institutes of Health: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “Four Levels of Structure Determine the Shape of Proteins” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this section to learn about the four levels of protein structure in detail.
Reading this section and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Institutes of Health: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “Four Levels of Structure Determine the Shape of Proteins”
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2.4 Lipids
- Lecture: YouTube: University of California, Berkeley: Webcast.Berkeley: “Structure and Function Lipids, Carbohydrate, and Nucleic Acids”
Link: YouTube: University of California, Berkeley: Webcast.Berkeley: “Structure and Function Lipids, Carbohydrate, and Nucleic Acids” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this lecture form the 13:10 to 30:25 marks to learn about lipids. Note that this lecture covers the material you need to know for subunits 2.4.1 through 2.4.5.
Watching this video and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: The above video is reposted from the University of California, Berkeley’s Webcast.Berkeley. This video is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Lipids”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Lipids” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this section to obtain an overview of lipids. Note that this reading covers the material you need to know for subunits 2.4.1 through 2.4.5.
Reading this resource and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: YouTube: University of California, Berkeley: Webcast.Berkeley: “Structure and Function Lipids, Carbohydrate, and Nucleic Acids”
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2.4.1 Triglycerides
Note: This subunit is covered by the University of California, Berkeley lecture assigned beneath subunit 2.4. Please focus on the section from 16:10–18:00. This subunit is also covered by the National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf resource, assigned beneath subunit 2.4. Please focus on Figure 2.6.
- Reading: University of California, Davis: ChemWiki: “Triglycerides”
Link: University of California, Davis: ChemWiki: “Triglycerides” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this article on triglycerides and click on the embedded links to learn why triglycerides are necessary for life.
Reading this article and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. It is attributed to the University of California, Davis.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: University of California, Davis: ChemWiki: “Triglycerides”
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2.4.2 Saturated Fats
Note: This subunit is covered by the University of California, Berkeley lecture assigned beneath subunit 2.4. Please focus on the section from 18:00–19:45. This subunit is also covered by the National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf resource, assigned beneath subunit 2.4. Please focus on Figure 2.5.
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Jeremy Berg, John Tymoczko, et al.’s Biochemistry, 5e: “Fatty Acids Are Key Constituents of Lipids”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Jeremy Berg, John Tymoczko, et al.’s Biochemistry, 5e: “Fatty Acids Are Key Constituents of Lipids” (HTML)
Also available in Google Books (eText)
Instructions: Read this section to learn about saturated and unsaturated fats. Note that this reading covers the material you need to know for subunit 2.4.3.
Reading this section and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Jeremy Berg, John Tymoczko, et al.’s Biochemistry, 5e: “Fatty Acids Are Key Constituents of Lipids”
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2.4.3 Polyunsaturated and Monounsaturated Fats
Note: This subunit is covered by the University of California, Berkeley lecture assigned beneath subunit 2.4. Please focus on the section from 19:45–24:45. This subunit is also covered by the National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf resource, assigned beneath subunit 2.4. Please focus on Figure 2.5.This subunit is also covered by the reading assigned beneath subunit 2.4.2. Monounsaturated fats are addressed in the “12.2.1: The Naming of Fatty Acids” section within the resource, and polyunsaturated fats are discussed in the “12.2.2: Fatty Acids Vary in Chain Length and Degree of Unsaturation” section.
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2.4.4 Phospholipids
Note: This subunit is covered by the University of California, Berkeley lecture assigned beneath subunit 2.4. Please focus on the section 24:45–27:30. This subunit is also covered by the National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf resource, assigned beneath subunit 2.4. Please focus on Figure 2.7.
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: B. Alberts, A. Johnson, J. Lewis, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “Membrane Lipids are Amphipathic Molecules, Most of Which Spontaneously Form Bilayers”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: B. Alberts, A. Johnson, J. Lewis, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “Membrane Lipids are Amphipathic Molecules, Most of Which Spontaneously Form Bilayers” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this section to learn why phospholipids are crucial to cells.
Reading this section and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: B. Alberts, A. Johnson, J. Lewis, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “Membrane Lipids are Amphipathic Molecules, Most of Which Spontaneously Form Bilayers”
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2.4.5 Steroids
This subunit is covered by the University of California, Berkeley lecture assigned beneath subunit 2.4. Please focus on the section from 27:30–30:20. This subunit is also covered by the National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf resource, assigned beneath subunit 2.4. Please focus on Figure 2.9.
- Reading: University of California, Davis: ChemWiki: “Steroids”
Link: University of California, Davis: ChemWiki: “Steroids” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this article on steroids and click on the embedded links to learn why steroids are necessary for life.
Reading this webpage and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. It is attributed to the University of California, Davis.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: University of California, Davis: ChemWiki: “Steroids”
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2.5 Nucleic Acids
- Lecture: YouTube: University of California, Berkeley: Webcast.Berkeley: “Structure and Function Lipids, Carbohydrate, and Nucleic Acids”
Link: YouTube: University of California, Berkeley: Webcast.Berkeley: “Structure and Function Lipids, Carbohydrate, and Nucleic Acids” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this lecture from the 47:05 mark to learn about nucleic acids. Note that this lecture covers the material you need to know for subunits 2.5.1 through 2.5.3.
Watching this video and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: The above video is reposted from the University of California, Berkeley’s Webcast.Berkeley. This video is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Massachusetts Institute of Technology OpenCourseWare: Graham Walker’s “Introduction to Nucleic Acids”
Link: Massachusetts Institute of Technology OpenCourseWare: Graham Walker’s “Introduction to Nucleic Acids” (Flash)
Instructions: Watch the first 7:20 of this video for an introduction to nucleic acids.
Watching this video and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. It is attributed to Graham Walker and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Nucleic Acids”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Nucleic Acids” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this section for further information on nucleic acids. Note that this reading covers the material you need to know for subunits 2.5.2 through 2.5.3.
Reading this section and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes. Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: YouTube: University of California, Berkeley: Webcast.Berkeley: “Structure and Function Lipids, Carbohydrate, and Nucleic Acids”
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2.5.1 Nucleotides
Note: This subunit is covered by the University of California, Berkeley lecture assigned beneath subunit 2.5. Please focus on the section from 48:30–49:30.
- Reading: Wikipedia: “Nucleotides”
Link: Wikipedia: “Nucleotides” (HTML)
Instructions: This diagram shows the differences between nucleosides and nucleotides, ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides, and the structures of the bases present in RNA and DNA.
A nucleoside is shown in yellow. A nucleoside is a simple sugar, or a monosaccharide, bonded to a base (in blue). We’ll get to what the bases are and their significance below. Nucleotides differ from nucleosides in that nucleosides are a nucleotide joined to one or more phosphate groups (in red). A nucleotide that is joined to one phosphate group would be called XMP (for the name of the base-monophosphate), a nucleotide that is joined to two phosphate groups would be called an XDP (for the name of the base-diphosphate), and a nucleotide that is joined to three phosphate groups would be called XTP (for the name of the base-triphosphate).
The sugar is a simple sugar, and if it has an –OH group at the 2’ position (2’ is the number of the carbon in the sugar), the sugar is called ribose. When a ribose is bonded to a base, it is called ribonucleoside. When a ribonucleoside is joined to three phosphate groups, it becomes a ribonucleotide triphosphate. If the sugar has an –H at the 2’ position, the sugar is called deoxyribose. When a deoxyribose is bonded to a base, it is called deoxynucleoside. When a deoxynucleoside is joined to three phosphate groups, it becomes a deoxynucleotide triphosphate.
On the right side of the diagram, five bases are shown. RNA contains adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U). DNA does not contain uracil; it contains thymine (T). Purines (A and G) contain two ring structures, and pyrimidines (C, U, T) contain one ring structure. An easier way to remember which bases are purines or pyrimidines is that purine is the shorter word, but more complex structure, while pyrimidine is the longer word but less complex structure.
Studying this diagram and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: The article above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0. It is attributed to Wikipedia, and the original version can be found here.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Wikipedia: “Nucleotides”
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2.5.2 DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
Note: This subunit is covered by the University of California, Berkeley lecture assigned beneath subunit 2.5. Please focus on the sections from 49:30–49:44 and 49:52–50:54. This subunit is also covered by the National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf resource, assigned beneath subunit 2.5. Please focus on Figures 2.10 and 2.12.
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Bruce Alberts and Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “The Structure and Function of DNA”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Bruce Alberts and Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “The Structure and Function of DNA” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this webpage to learn about DNA and what it means when we call it life’s informational molecule.
Reading this webpage and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “DNA”
Link: Khan Academy’s “DNA” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this lecture for an introduction to DNA.
Watching this lecture and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License. It is attributed to Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Bruce Alberts and Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “The Structure and Function of DNA”
-
2.5.3 RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
Note: This subunit is covered by the University of California, Berkeley lecture assigned beneath subunit 2.5. Please focus on the section from 49:44–50:54. This subunit is also covered by the National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf resource, assigned beneath subunit 2.5. Please focus on Figures 2.10 and 2.11.
- Web Media: YouTube: MrDBioCFC’s “Chapter 13 Part 1 – Types of RNA”
Link: YouTube: MrDBioCFC’s “Chapter 13 Part 1 – Types of RNA” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this video to learn about the three types of RNA and their unique functions.
Watching this video and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Scitable: Dr. Suzanne Clancy’s “RNA Functions”
Link: Scitable: Dr. Suzanne Clancy’s “RNA Functions” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this article to understand the many functions of RNA in cells.
Reading this article and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: YouTube: MrDBioCFC’s “Chapter 13 Part 1 – Types of RNA”
-
2.6 ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Jeremy Berg, John Tymoczko, et al.’s Biochemistry, 5e: “ATP Is the Universal Currency of Free Energy in Biological Systems”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Jeremy Berg, John Tymoczko, et al.’s Biochemistry, 5e: “ATP Is the Universal Currency of Free Energy in Biological Systems” (HTML)
Also available in Google Books (eText)
Instructions: Read this section to understand the importance of ATP – energy’s essential biomolecule. When phosphate is added to AMP (adenosine monophosphate) it forms ADP (adenosine diphosphate), and when phosphate is added to that, it forms ATP (adenosine triphosphate). The energy carried by these molecules are ATP > ADP > AMP. ATP is the main energy carrier inside cells.
Reading this section and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate”
Link: Khan Academy’s “ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this lecture for an introduction to ATP.
Watching this lecture and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes to complete.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License. It is attributed to Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Jeremy Berg, John Tymoczko, et al.’s Biochemistry, 5e: “ATP Is the Universal Currency of Free Energy in Biological Systems”
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2.7 Enzymes
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze, or facilitate, biochemical reactions. An important point to note about enzymes are that they do not change in shape or function during the biochemical reaction.
- Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael J. Farabee’s “Reactions and Enzymes”
Link: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael J. Farabee’s “Reactions and Enzymes” (HTML)
Instructions: Read the “Enzymes: Organic Catalysts” section.
Reading this webpage and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: YouTube: Association of Manufacturers and Formulators of Enzyme Products: “Enzymes”
Link: YouTube: Association of Manufacturers and Formulators of Enzyme Products: “Enzymes” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this video to learn about the importance of enzymes in our daily lives.
Watching this video and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: HippoCampus Biology: “Enzymes as Catalysts”
Link: HippoCampus Biology: “Enzymes as Catalysts” (Flash)
Instructions: Please go to this webpage, click on “Biology for AP*,” and then search for the title, “Principles of Bioenergetics.” Click on each of the subtitles under “Principles of Bioenergetics” to get a deeper understanding of kinetics, catalysts, and specificity.
Watching these animations and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael J. Farabee’s “Reactions and Enzymes”
-
2.8 Problem-Based Learning Assessment
- Assessment: Washington State Board for Community & Technical Colleges: “Problem Set 1”
Link: Washington State Board for Community & Technical Colleges: “Problem Set 1” (PDF)
Instructions: Complete the linked assessment. When you have finished, check your work against The Saylor Foundation’s “Answer Key to Problem Set 1” (PDF).
Completing this problem set should take approximately 2 hours and 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: This resource is released under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. It is attributed to the Washington State Board for Community & Technical Colleges.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Assessment: Washington State Board for Community & Technical Colleges: “Problem Set 1”
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Unit 2 Assessment
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation’s “BIO101 Unit 2 Assessment”
Link: The Saylor Foundation’s “BIO101 Unit 2 Assessment”
Instructions: Complete this assessment to gauge your understanding of the topics covered in this unit. The correct answers will be displayed when you click the “Submit” button.
Completing this assessment should take approximately 30 minutes.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation’s “BIO101 Unit 2 Assessment”
-
Unit 3: Cells
Modern cell theory states that the cell is the smallest unit of life. In other words, the cell is the smallest thing that contains the molecules we just learned about and is considered to be alive. Some forms of life – like bacteria – consist of just one cell, while others – like humans – are made up of trillions of cells. There are three main types of cells: prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and plant cells. Each has its own distinct characteristics. All bacteria, for example, are prokaryotes, while most animal cells are eukaryotes. Scientists have identified and studied many of these differences and, in the process, learned how to design drugs (such as antibiotics) that will target only prokaryotes in case of infection. (Note: If interested, you may choose to study cell biology in greater detail in BIO301: Cell Biology.)
Unit 3 Time Advisory show close
Unit 3 Learning Outcomes show close
- Lecture: YouTube: University of California, Berkeley: Webcast.Berkeley: “Cell Structure and Organization 1”, “Cell Structure and Organization 2”, and “The Structure of Biological Membranes”
Link: YouTube: University of California, Berkeley: Webcast.Berkeley: “Cell Structure and Organization 1”, “Cell Structure and Organization 2”, and “The Structure of Biological Membranes” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch these lectures to learn about the cell and its components.
Watching these lectures and taking notes should take approximately 2 hours and 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. It is attributed to the University of California, Berkeley.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: YouTube: University of California, Berkeley: Webcast.Berkeley: “Cell Structure and Organization 1”, “Cell Structure and Organization 2”, and “The Structure of Biological Membranes”
-
3.1 Modern Cell Theory and Exceptions
- Reading: William Turner’s “The Cell Theory, Past and Present”
Link: William Turner’s “The Cell Theory, Past and Present” (PDF)
Instructions: Click on “complete article” to read the PDF, which will help you understand the history of cell theory and modern cell theory.
Reading this article should take approximately 3 hours.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: William Turner’s “The Cell Theory, Past and Present”
- 3.2 Types of Cells
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3.2.1 Prokaryotes
- Reading: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: “Bacteria” and “Archaea”
Link: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: “Bacteria” and “Archaea” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this article on the prokaryote Bacteria, clicking on the embedded links and noting the properties and classifications of these organisms. Then, read the article on the prokaryote Archaea, noting the unique characteristics of these organisms. You do not need to click on the links embedded in the article.
Reading these articles and taking notes should take approximately 3 hours.
Terms of Use: The linked material above has been reposted by the kind permission of Professor John W. Kimball, and can be viewed in its original form here. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Bacteria”
Link: Khan Academy’s “Bacteria” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this lecture for an introduction to bacteria.
Watching this lecture and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes to complete.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License. It is attributed to Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: “Bacteria” and “Archaea”
-
3.2.2 Eukaryotes
- Reading: cK-12: “Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells”
Link: cK-12: “Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this section on the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In particular, be sure to understand the characteristics (i.e., the presence or absence of organelles, nuclei, and cell walls) that distinguish eukaryotes from prokaryotes. Also, be sure to click on the embedded links and explore what you find there.
Reading this webpage should take approximately 1 hour.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to cK-12.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: YouTube: Eric Crouch’s “Journey into a Cell”
Link: YouTube: Eric Crouch’s “Journey into a Cell” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this video, which is a 3-D animation introducing basic structures and functions of organelles in a eukaryotic cell.
Watching this video and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: cK-12: “Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells”
-
3.2.3 Plant Cells
- Reading: Hartnell College: “Cell Structure and Function Tutorial”
Link: Hartnell College: Dr. Katherine Harris’ “Cell Structure and Function Tutorial” (HTML)
Instructions: Read the resource for an overview of plant cells and how they compare to other eukaryotes. Use the interactive animation in Section 2 to understand the structure of plant cells.
Reading this resource, taking notes, and viewing the animation should take approximately 1 hour.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Katherine Harris and Hartnell College.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Hartnell College: “Cell Structure and Function Tutorial”
-
3.3 Basic Cell Structures
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Parts of a Cell”
Link: Khan Academy’s “Parts of a Cell” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this lecture for an introduction to cell structures.
Watching this lecture and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License. It is attributed to Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Parts of a Cell”
-
3.3.1 Cell Membrane
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Cell Membranes”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Cell Membranes” (HTML)
Instructions: Read the entire page to understand cell membranes and how they work.
Reading this webpage and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Cell Membranes”
-
3.3.2 Channels and Carriers
- Reading: The Biology Corner: Shannan Muskopf’s “Chapter 5: Membrane Structure and Function”
Link: The Biology Corner: Shannan Muskopf’s “Chapter 5: Membrane Structure and Function” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this chapter to learn about the two main types of transport mechanisms.
Reading this chapter and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. It is attributed to Shannan Muskopf.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Biology Corner: Shannan Muskopf’s “Chapter 5: Membrane Structure and Function”
-
3.3.3 Glycocalyx
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Glycocalyx”Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Glycocalyx” (HTML)Reading this section and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Instructions: Read this section to learn what the glycocalyx is and why it is important for cell membranes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Glycocalyx”
-
3.3.4 Cytoplasm and Cytosol
- Reading: DifferenceBetween.net: “Difference between Cytosol and Cytoplasm”
Link: DifferenceBetween.net: “Difference between Cytosol and Cytoplasm” (PDF)
Instructions: Read this explanation of the distinction between cellular cytoplasm and cytosol.
Reading this PDF and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: The article above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0. It is attributed to DifferenceBetween.net, and the original version can be found here.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: DifferenceBetween.net: “Difference between Cytosol and Cytoplasm”
Link: DifferenceBetween.net: “Difference between Cytosol and Cytoplasm” (PDF)
Instructions: Read this explanation of the distinction between cellular cytoplasm and cytosol.
Reading this PDF and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: The article above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0. It is attributed to DifferenceBetween.net, and the original version can be found here.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: DifferenceBetween.net: “Difference between Cytosol and Cytoplasm”
-
3.4 Cell Organelles
- Reading: National Institute of General Medical Sciences: Alisa Zapp Machalek’s “Chapter 1: An Owner’s Guide to the Cell”Link: National Institute of General Medical Sciences: Alisa Zapp Machalek’s “Chapter 1: An Owner’s Guide to the Cell” (HTML)
Instructions: Read the introduction to this chapter for a general overview of cell organelles.
Reading this introduction and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Biology Corner: “Chapter 3 – Cells”Link: The Biology Corner: “Chapter 3 – Cells” (HTML)
Instructions: This is a good introduction to the structure and functions of cellular organelles and will provide you with a background of knowledge and assist with the readings in this unit.
Reading this chapter and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Institute of General Medical Sciences: Alisa Zapp Machalek’s “Chapter 1: An Owner’s Guide to the Cell”
-
3.4.1 Nucleus, Nucleolus, Chromosomes
- Reading: cK-12: “Cell Nucleus”
Link: cK-12: “Cell Nucleus” (PDF)
Instructions: Read this webpage and explore the associated links. This webpage covers the structures and functions of the nucleus, nuclear envelope, and the nucleolus.
Reading this section and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Chromosomes, Chromatids, Chromatin, etc.”Link: Khan Academy’s “Chromosomes, Chromatids, Chromatin, etc.” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this lecture for an introduction to chromosomes.
Watching this lecture and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License. It is attributed to Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: cK-12: “Cell Nucleus”
-
3.4.2 Centriole, Centromere, Centrosome
- Reading: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: “Centrosomes and the Centrioles”Link: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: “Centrosomes and Centrioles” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this article and click on the embedded links to understand the functions of centrosomes and centrioles. While these terms – centriole, centromere, and centrosome – sound similar, they refer to three distinct structures. The centromere is part of the chromosome, and a centrosome is the organelle that attaches to the centromere. A centriole, on the other hand, is the specific part of the centrosome that attaches to the centromere.
Reading this article and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Boston College: Clare O’Connor’s “Chromosome Segregation in Mitosis: The Role of Centromeres”Link: Boston College: Clare O’Connor’s “Chromosome Segregation in Mitosis: The Role of Centromeres” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this article on the centromere to understand its function.
Reading this article and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: “Centrosomes and the Centrioles”
-
3.4.3 Mitochondria
- Reading: National Institute of General Medical Sciences: Alisa Zapp Machalek’s “Chapter 1: An Owner’s Guide to the Cell”Link: National Institute of General Medical Sciences:Alisa Zapp Machalek’s “Chapter 1: An Owner’s Guide to the Cell” (HTML)
Instructions: Read the “Mitochondria: Cellular Power Plants” section to learn the structure and function of mitochondria.
Reading this section and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Institute of General Medical Sciences: Alisa Zapp Machalek’s “Chapter 1: An Owner’s Guide to the Cell”
-
3.4.4 Golgi Bodies
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Golgi Apparatus”Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Golgi Apparatus” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this webpage to learn about the Golgi apparatus, which is also called the Golgi complex.
Reading this webpage and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Golgi Apparatus”
-
3.4.5 Ribosome
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Ribosome”Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Ribosome” (HTML)
Instructions: Read the “Ribosome,” “The Organization of mRNAs and the Initiation of Translation,” and “The Process of Translation” section to learn about the basic structure of the ribosome and its role in translation. You will learn more about protein synthesis in a later unit.
Reading this section and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Ribosome”
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3.4.6 Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Endoplasmic Reticulum”Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Endoplasmic Reticulum”(HTML)
Instructions: Read this entire webpage to learn about the two types of endoplasmic reticule and what they do. If you want to know more about this material, consider taking the upper level cell biology course, BIO301: Cell Biology.
Reading this webpage and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour and 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Endoplasmic Reticulum”
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3.4.7 Chloroplasts
- Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael J. Farabee’s “Cells II: Cellular Organization”
Link: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael J. Farabee’s “Cells II: Cellular Organization” (HTML)
Instructions: Read the “Mitochondria” through “Chloroplasts and Endosymbiosis” sections. Be sure to note that animal cells do not contain chloroplasts.
Reading these sections and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael J. Farabee’s “Cells II: Cellular Organization”
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3.5 Cell Communication
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “Cell Communication”Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Bruce Alberts. Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “Cell Communication” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this introduction to cell communication.
Reading this introduction and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “Cell Communication”
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3.5.1 Junctions
- Web Media: YouTube: XkabiX’s “Inter Cellular Junctions – The Tissue Level of Organization”Link: YouTube: XkabiX’s “Inter Cellular Junctions – The Tissue Level or Organization” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this video to see animations of how junctions are formed and how they function.
Watching this video and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Tight Junctions, Gap Tight Junctions”Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Tight Junctions, Gap Junctions” (HTML)
Instructions: Read these sections to learn about these two types of junctions.
Reading these sections and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: YouTube: XkabiX’s “Inter Cellular Junctions – The Tissue Level of Organization”
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3.5.2 Action Potential
- Web Media: Harvard University: Action Potential
Link: Harvard University: “Action Potential” (Flash)
Instructions: Watch this animation and perform the exercises to learn about action potential and review the notes for subunit 3.3.2: Channels and Carriers. Make the mental note that the carriers in nerve cells are part of the cohort of membrane carriers and channels allowing materials to pass through the phospholipid bilayer.
Watching this animation and performing the exercises should take approximately 1 hour.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: “Excitable Cells”Link: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: “Excitable Cells” (PDF)
Instructions: Read this section and click on the embedded links to learn more about action potential and how it works.
Reading this webpage and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour and 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: The linked material above has been reposted by the kind permission of Professor John W. Kimball and can be viewed in its original form here. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: Harvard University: Action Potential
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3.5.3 Types of Cell Signaling
- Web Media: YouTube: Paul Andersen’s “Cell Communication”Link: YouTube: Paul Andersen’s “Cell Communication” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this video to learn about the major types of cell-to-cell signaling. Cell-to-cell signaling is especially important in multicellular organisms, where the organism’s different cells are specialized for different functions. In order for the organism to function as a single unit, the cells in its body have to coordinate, a process made possible through various forms of cell signaling. Cell signaling is also important for immune cells. It allows them to distinguish self from foreign cells, thereby letting immune cells attack foreign cells (such as bacteria and viruses that invade the body).
Watching this video and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: YouTube: Paul Andersen’s “Cell Communication”
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3.6 Cell Motility
- Reading: Biology Reference: “Cell Motility”Link: Biology Reference: “Cell Motility” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this article to get a basic understanding of cell motility.
Reading this article and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: YouTube: Brightstorm’s “Cilia and Flagella”Link: YouTube: Brightstorm’s “Cilia and Flagella” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this video to learn about the structure and functions of cilia and flagella. Also note the differences between cilia and flagella.
Watching this video and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Biology Reference: “Cell Motility”
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Unit 3 Quiz
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation’s “BIO101 Unit 3 Quiz”
Link: The Saylor Foundation’s “BIO101 Unit 3 Quiz”
Instructions: Complete this assessment to gauge your understanding of the topics covered in this unit. The correct answers will be displayed when you click the “Submit” button.
Completing this assessment should take approximately 30 minutes.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation’s “BIO101 Unit 3 Quiz”
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Unit 4: Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the ultimate source of energy for every living being on earth, whether directly or indirectly. In middle school, you probably learned about photosynthesis as a single reaction. You will now learn that photosynthesis is actually a series of several different reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose. BIO306: Botany goes into this subject in more detail.Unit 4 Time Advisory show close
Unit 4 Learning Outcomes show close
- Lecture: YouTube: University of California, Berkeley: Webcast.Berkeley: “Photosynthesis – The Light Reaction” and “Photosynthesis – CO2 Fixation and Related Processes”Link: YouTube: University of California, Berkeley: Webcast.Berkeley: “Photosynthesis – The Light Reactions” and “Photosynthesis – CO2 Fixation and Related Processes” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch and take notes for these two 50-minute lectures to learn about photosynthesis, from the reactants and products to all the associated processes.
Watching these lectures and taking notes should take approximately 2 hours and 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: The above video is reposted from the University of California, Berkeley’s Webcast.Berkeley. This video is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Photosynthesis”Link: Khan Academy’s “Photosynthesis” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch the lecture for an introduction to photosynthesis.
Watching this lecture and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License. It is attributed to Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: YouTube: University of California, Berkeley: Webcast.Berkeley: “Photosynthesis – The Light Reaction” and “Photosynthesis – CO2 Fixation and Related Processes”
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4.1 Reactants and Products
- Reading: University of California, Davis: ChemWiki: “Photosynthesis Overview”Link: University of California, Davis: ChemWiki: “Photosynthesis Overview” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this article and click on the embedded links to gain an understanding of the overall reaction.
Reading this article and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour and 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. It is attributed to the University of California, Davis.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: University of California, Davis: ChemWiki: “Photosynthesis Overview”
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4.2 Light-Dependent Reaction and Noncyclic Photophosphorylation
- Reading: University of California, Davis: ChemWiki: “The Light Reactions”Link: University of California, Davis: ChemWiki: “The Light Reactions” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this article to understand the first stage of photosynthesis: photon capture.
Reading this article and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. It is attributed to the University of California, Davis.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Photosynthesis: Light Reactions 1” and “Photosynthesis: Light Reactions and Photophosphorylation”Link: Khan Academy’s “Photosynthesis: Light Reactions 1” and “Photosynthesis: Light Reactions and Photophosphorylation” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch these lectures for an introduction to the light reaction of photosynthesis.
Viewing these lectures and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License. It is attributed to Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: University of California, Davis: ChemWiki: “The Light Reactions”
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4.3 Cyclic Photophosphorylation
- Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael J. Farabee’s “Photosynthesis”Link: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael J. Farabee’s “Photosynthesis” (HTML)Instructions: Read the “Light Reactions” section to understand how ATP is generated. The noncyclic photophosphorylation is the normal route by which the Calvin cycle obtains the high-energy molecules, ATP and NADPH, produced by the light reactions. However, the Calvin cycle consumes more ATP than NADPH. Therefore, plants need to use cyclic photophosphorylation, producing only ATP, to satisfy the needs of the Calvin cycle.
Reading this section and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael J. Farabee’s “Photosynthesis”
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4.4 Calvin Cycle and Carbon Fixation
- Web Media: McGraw Hill: Online Learning Center: “How the Calvin Cycle Works”Link: McGraw Hill: Online Learning Center: “How the Calvin Cycle Works” (Flash)
Instructions: Please go through this animation to learn about the Calvin cycle, and then take the quiz below the animation to gauge how well you have learned the material. The dark reactions or the Calvin cycles use the high-energy molecules generated by the light reactions to create bonds between carbon dioxide molecules to form sugar molecules (i.e., carbon fixation). These sugar-creating reactions are catalyzed by many enzymes, but the most important carbon fixing enzyme is RuBisCO, which is the world’s most abundant enzyme. Although the Calvin cycle is considered a light-independent reaction, it cannot occur without light. We can call it light-independent because, although it requires reactants produced from light-dependent reactions, the reaction itself does not directly involve light.
Watching this animation should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: University of California, Davis: ChemWiki: “Calvin-Benson-Bassham Cycle”Link: University of California, Davis: ChemWiki: “Calvin-Benson-Bassham Cycle” (HTML)
Instructions: Read the overview section to gain an understanding of what happens during the Calvin cycle.
Reading this section and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. It is attributed to the University of California, Davis.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Photosynthesis: Calvin Cycle” and “Photorespiration”Link: Khan Academy’s “Photosynthesis: Calvin Cycle” and “Photorespiration”(YouTube)
Instructions: Watch these lectures for an introduction to the Calvin cycle and photorespiration.
Viewing these lectures and taking note should take approximately 45 minutes.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License. It is attributed to Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: McGraw Hill: Online Learning Center: “How the Calvin Cycle Works”
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4.4.1 RuBisCO
- Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael J. Farabee’s “Photosynthesis”
Link: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael J. Farabee’s “Photosynthesis” (HTML)
Instructions: Read the “C-4 Pathway” section to understand the role that the enzyme RuBisCO plays in the Calvin cycle.
Reading this section and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael J. Farabee’s “Photosynthesis”
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4.4.2 RuBP
- Reading: University of California, Davis: ChemWiki: “Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco)”Link: University of California, Davis: ChemWiki: “Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco)” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this article to understand how RuBP is used in the Calvin cycle for carbon fixation.
Reading this article and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. It is attributed to the University of California, Davis.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: University of California, Davis: ChemWiki: “Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco)”
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4.5 Chloroplasts and Thylakoids
- Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael J. Farabee’s “Photosynthesis”Link: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael J. Farabee’s “Photosynthesis” (HTML)
Instructions: Read the “Structure of the Chloroplast and Photosynthetic Membranes” and “Light Reactions” sections to learn where photosynthesis occurs on chloroplasts.
Reading these sections and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael J. Farabee’s “Photosynthesis”
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4.6 Chemiosmotic Theory
- Reading: University of California, Davis: ChemWiki: “Case Study: Thermodynamics of ATP”Link: University of California, Davis: ChemWiki: “Case Study: Thermodynamics of ATP” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this article to understand how ATP can be formed through chemiosmosis.
Reading this article and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. It is attributed to the University of California, Davis.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: University of California, Davis: ChemWiki: “Case Study: Thermodynamics of ATP”
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4.7 Problem-Based Learning Assessment
- Assessment: WASHINGTON STATE BOARD FOR COMMUNITY & TECHNICAL COLLEGES: "Problem Set 3”Link: WASHINGTON STATE BOARD FOR COMMUNITY & TECHNICAL COLLEGES: “Problem Set 3”
Instructions: Complete the linked assessment. When you have finished, check your work against The Saylor Foundation's “Answer Key to Problem Set 3.”
Completing this problem set should take approximately 2 hours and 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Assessment: WASHINGTON STATE BOARD FOR COMMUNITY & TECHNICAL COLLEGES: "Problem Set 3”
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Unit 4 Quiz
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation’s “BIO101 Unit 4 Quiz”
Link: The Saylor Foundation’s “BIO101 Unit 4 Quiz”
Instructions: Complete this assessment to gauge your understanding of the topics covered in this unit. The correct answers will be displayed when you click the “Submit” button.
Completing this assessment should take approximately 30 minutes.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation’s “BIO101 Unit 4 Quiz”
-
Unit 5: Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
Francis Crick (one of the scientists that shared the Nobel Prize for discovering the double-helix nature of DNA) first coined the term “central dogma” of molecular biology in 1958 to describe one of the most important pathways in biology. This theory states that the information for life flows in a single direction – from genes (DNA) to RNA to protein – and that, in effect, DNA contains the information for life and creates diversity in life. This discovery has fueled much of the biomedical research that has taken place over the past few decades. It has led us to invest billions of dollars in the Human Genome Project (a project that aims to identify every single human gene) and sparked the biotechnology industry, which enabled us to transplant genes from one organism to another and create glow-in-the-dark mice, among other things. (This unit is covered in great detail in BIO311: Molecular Biology, if you want to learn more about it.)Unit 5 Time Advisory show close
Unit 5 Learning Outcomes show close
- Lecture: YouTube: University of California, Berkeley: Webcast.Berkeley: “Transcription,” “The Genetic Code and Translation,” “Prokaryotic Gene Regulation,” and “Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Regulation”Link: YouTube: University of California, Berkeley: Webcast.Berkeley: “Transcription,”“The Genetic Code and Translation,”“Prokaryotic Gene Regulation,” and “Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Regulation” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch these lectures to learn about how biological information travels from DNA to protein. You will also learn how this biological information is regulated.
Watching these lectures and taking notes should take approximately 3 hours and 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: The above video is reposted from the University of California, Berkeley’s Webcast.Berkeley. This video is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: YouTube: University of California, Berkeley: Webcast.Berkeley: “Transcription,” “The Genetic Code and Translation,” “Prokaryotic Gene Regulation,” and “Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Regulation”
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5.1 The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
Note: The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology is one of the most important topics in molecular biology! Please don’t be confused by the titles of the resources in this subunit. “The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology” is called “The Central Dogma of Biochemistry” and “The Central Dogma of Biology” by different sources. However, all these names refer to the same dogma.
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information: Molecular Biology Review: “Central Dogma of Biology: Classic View”Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information: Molecular Biology Review: “Central Dogma of Biology: Classic View” (HTML)
Instructions: Read the entire webpage (but you do not need to click on the hyperlinks). Take particular note of the webpage’s flow diagram. Information flows one way, from DNA to RNA to protein; a protein sequence cannot be reversed to give back its original DNA sequence. Note that this resource is called the “Central Dogma of Biology.” The next resource uses the title “Central Dogma of Biochemistry.” Both refer to the same dogma and important molecular biology concept.
Reading this webpage should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: Wiley: “The Central Dogma of Biochemistry”Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.Link: Wiley: “The Central Dogma of Biochemistry” (Flash)
Instructions: Watch the entire animation to understand how the pathway works and how biological information is expressed. Note that information flows one way, from DNA to RNA to protein; a protein sequence cannot be reversed to give back its original DNA sequence.
Watching this animation and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information: Molecular Biology Review: “Central Dogma of Biology: Classic View”
- 5.2 Transcription
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5.2.1 Initiation, Elongation, Termination
- Reading: University of California, Davis: ChemWiki: “RNA-Transcription”
Link: University of California, Davis: ChemWiki: “RNA-Transcription” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this article to understand how transcription works in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. There are several classes of RNA polymerase and each has a specific purpose. You should know how to distinguish between them. Also, the process by which the RNA polymerase recognizes the start sequence (TATA box and others) is highly complex, so know the major players.
Reading this article and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. It is attributed to the University of California, Davis.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: University of California, Davis: ChemWiki: “RNA-Transcription”
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5.2.2 DNA and RNA
- Web Media: Diffen: “DNA vs. RNA”Link: Diffen: “DNA vs. RNA” (PDF)
Instructions: Read and take notes on this table to understand the major differences between DNA and RNA. Although most life on Earth uses DNA as the genetic code, some lower life forms like viruses use RNA as the genetic code. Early life forms on Earth were hypothesized to have started out using RNA as their genetic code.
Reading this table and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: The article above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0. It is attributed to Diffen, and the original version can be found here.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: Diffen: “DNA vs. RNA”
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5.3 RNA Processing
- Reading: cK-12: “Transcription of DNA to RNA”
Link: cK-12: “Transcription of DNA to RNA” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this webpage. Pay attention to the “Processing mRNA” section. At the bottom of the paragraph that begins “Splicing removes introns from mRNA,” you will find a link to a video. Click on the link and watch the video in that section.
Reading this webpage and watching the video should take approximately 45 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: John W. Kimball’s “RNA Editing”Link: John W. Kimball’s “RNA Editing” (HTML)
Instructions: Read the entire webpage and click on the embedded links to understand the different mechanisms of RNA editing.
Reading this webpage should take approximately 2 hours.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: cK-12: “Transcription of DNA to RNA”
- 5.4 Translation
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5.4.1 Initiation, Elongation, Termination
- Reading: cK-12: “Translation of RNA to Protein”Link: cK-12: “Translation of RNA to Protein” (HTML)
Instructions: Click and read the “Translation of RNA to Protein: Discusses Translation in Protein Synthesis” and “Translation of RNA to Protein: Introduces the Process of Translation of mRNA to Make a Proteins” [sic] sections. These readings cover initiation, elongation, and termination of protein synthesis, as well as the use of codons in protein synthesis.
Reading these sections and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: cK-12: “Translation of RNA to Protein”
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5.4.2 Posttranslational Processing
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “Post-Translational Modifications and Quality Control in the Rough ER”Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “Post-Translational Modifications and Quality Control in the Rough ER”(HTML)
Instructions: Read this webpage to learn about posttranslational modifications performed on proteins after exiting the ribosome.
Reading this webpage and taking notes should take approximately 1.5 hour.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “Post-Translational Modifications and Quality Control in the Rough ER”
- 5.5 Regulation of Gene Expression
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5.5.1 Prokaryotic Regulation
- Reading: cK-12: “Prokaryotic Gene Regulation”Link: cK-12: “Prokaryotic Gene Regulation”(HTML)
Instructions: Read this webpage to understand what operons are and how the lac operon functions. Click on and watch the video in the “Lac Operon” section. Click on the link in Practice I for more information about the lac operon, and then click on the link in Practice II for an interactive animation of how the lac operon functions.
Reading this webpage and exploring the links should take approximately 1 hour.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: YouTube: drsalomon123’s “Trp Operon”Link: YouTube: drsalomon123’s “Trp Operon” (YouTube)Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.
Instructions: Watch this video and note how repression functions to control prokaryotic gene transcription.
Watching this video and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Transcription in Prokaryotes”Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Transcription in Prokaryotes” (HTML)
Instructions: Read the introduction and the “RNA Polymerase and Transcription” section to learn how prokaryotic gene promoters function to initiate transcription and how transcription is terminated.
Reading this webpage and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: cK-12: “Prokaryotic Gene Regulation”
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5.5.2 Eukaryotic Regulation
- Reading: cK-12: “Eukaryotic Gene Regulation” (HTML)Link: cK-12: “Eukaryotic Gene Regulation” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this webpage, and then click on and watch the two YouTube videos in the text to learn more about TATA boxes and how genes that regulate transcription are conserved throughout evolution.
Reading this webpage and watching the videos should take approximately 1 hour.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: “Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes”Link: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: “Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes” (PDF)
Instructions: Read this PDF and click on the embedded links to gain an understanding of eukaryotic gene expression regulation. Understand why it is much more complex than prokaryotic regulation.
Reading this PDF and taking notes should take approximately 3 hours.
Terms of Use: The linked material above has been reposted by the kind permission of Professor John W. Kimball, and can be viewed in its original form here. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: cK-12: “Eukaryotic Gene Regulation” (HTML)
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Unit 5 Quiz
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation’s “BIO101 Unit 5 Quiz”Link: The Saylor Foundation’s “BIO101 Unit 5 Quiz”
Instructions: Instructions: Complete this assessment to gauge your understanding of the topics covered in this unit. The correct answers will be displayed when you click the “Submit” button.
Completing this assessment should take approximately 30 minutes.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation’s “BIO101 Unit 5 Quiz”
-
Unit 6: Cellular Energy
Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that enable living things to produce the energy needed to maintain life. For plants, metabolism refers to the process of creating glucose through photosynthesis. For other organisms, however, metabolism means the conversion of food into energy. It might help you to think of metabolism as digestion at the molecular level, where the end product is ATP (which you learned about earlier). Living things rely upon a steady source of ATP in order to carry out all activities, from running after the bus to thinking about math problems. This process starts with glycolysis, which converts glucose to pyruvate. Pyruvate can then enter aerobic or anaerobic respiration, depending on the situation. The end result is still ATP. The biochemistry course (BIO401) will present metabolic reactions in greater detail.Unit 6 Time Advisory show close
Unit 6 Learning Outcomes show close
- Lecture: YouTube: University of California, Berkeley: Webcast.Berkeley: “Introduction to Bioenergetics,” “Cellular Energy Production and Anaerobic Processes I,” and “Cellular Energy Production and Anaerobic Processes II”Link: YouTube: University of California, Berkeley: Webcast.Berkeley: “Introduction to Bioenergetics,”“Cellular Energy Production and Anaerobic Processes I,” and “Cellular Energy Production and Anaerobic Processes II” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch these lectures to understand how the cell produces the energy it needs in the form of ATP. This can be a difficult unit, because it involves a bit of chemistry, so pay careful attention to the important molecules.
Watching these videos and taking notes should take approximately 2 hours and 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: The above video is reposted from the University of California, Berkeley’s Webcast.Berkeley. This video is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: YouTube: University of California, Berkeley: Webcast.Berkeley: “Introduction to Bioenergetics,” “Cellular Energy Production and Anaerobic Processes I,” and “Cellular Energy Production and Anaerobic Processes II”
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6.1 Glycolysis
- Web Media: McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Seeley, Stephens, and Tate’s Anatomy & Physiology: “How Glycolysis Works”Link: McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Seeley, Stephens, Tate’s Anatomy & Physiology: “How Glycolysis Works” (Flash)
Instructions: Watch this animation to understand how glycolysis works and then take the short quiz below the animation to see how well you have learned the subject. The word glycolysis literally means glucose breakdown. It is the name given to a series of reactions that ultimately breaks down the 6 carbon glucose molecule into two 3 carbon molecules of pyruvate and releases ATP as energy in the process. But do note that while there is a net gain of ATP in glycolysis, some reaction steps actually use up ATP.
Watching this animation should take approximately 15 minutes.
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- Reading: University of California, Davis: ChemWiki: “Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex”Link: University of California, Davis: ChemWiki: “Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this article to understand the importance of pyruvate as a biochemical regulatory molecule.
Reading this article and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. It is attributed to the University of California, Davis.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Seeley, Stephens, and Tate’s Anatomy & Physiology: “How Glycolysis Works”
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6.2 Aerobic Respiration
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Introduction to Cellular Respiration”Link: Khan Academy’s “Introduction to Cellular Respiration” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this lecture for an introduction to cellular respiration.
Watching this video and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License. It is attributed to Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Introduction to Cellular Respiration”
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6.2.1 Citric Acid Cycle
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle”Link: Khan Academy’s “Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this lecture for an introduction to the citric acid cycle.
Watching this lecture and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License. It is attributed to Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “Oxidation of the Acetyl Group of Acetyl CoA in the Citric Acid Cycle Yields CO2 and Reduced Coenzymes”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish and Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “Oxidation of the Acetyl Group of Acetyl CoA in the Citric Acid Cycle Yields CO2 and Reduced Coenzymes” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this section to understand how pyruvate, produced from glycolysis, becomes acetyl CoA before being oxidized in the citric acid cycle (also known as TCA cycle or Krebs cycle).
Reading this section and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
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- Web Media: McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Seeley, Stephens, and Tate’s Anatomy & Physiology: “How the Krebs Cycle Works”Link: McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Seeley, Stephens, and Tate’s Anatomy & Physiology: “How the Krebs Cycle Works” (Flash)
Instructions: Watch this animation to visually observe the Krebs cycle’s pathways, and then take the short quiz below the animation to see how well you learned the material.
Watching this animation and taking the quiz should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle”
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6.2.2 Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Mechanism of Oxidative Phosphorylation”Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Mechanism of Oxidative Phosphorylation” (HTML)
Instructions: Read the entire page to understand oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation. Aerobic respiration would not be possible without the presence of oxygen, which serves as an electron acceptor of electrons from the high-energy molecules NADH and FADH2.
Reading this webpage and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Seeley, Stephens, and Tate’s Anatomy & Physiology: “Electron Transport System and ATP Synthesis”Link: McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Seeley, Stephens, and Tate’s Anatomy & Physiology: “Electron Transport System and ATP Synthesis” (Flash)
Instructions: Watch this animation of how ATP is produced via oxidative phosphorylation, and then take the short quiz below the animation to see how well you learned the material.
Watching this animation and taking the quiz should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Oxidative Phosphorylation and Chemiosmosis”Link: Khan Academy’s “Oxidative Phosphorylation and Chemiosmosis” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this lecture, which introduces oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmosis.
Watching this lecture and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License. It is attributed to Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Electron Transport Chain”Link: Khan Academy’s “Electron Transport Chain” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this lecture, which introduces the electron transport chain.
Watching this lecture and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License. It is attributed to Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Mechanism of Oxidative Phosphorylation”
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6.2.3 ATP Produced
- Reading: Wikipedia: “Cellular Respiration: Theoretical Yields”Link: Wikipedia: “Cellular Respiration: Theoretical Yields” (PDF)
Instructions: Read the “Efficiency of ATP Production” section. Understand when (i.e., during which stages) ATP is produced. Both plants and animals use a similar proton-driven pump to produce ATP. This pump literally forces ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate together. Note that aerobic respiration produces much more ATP than does anaerobic respiration.
Reading this article and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour.
Terms of Use: This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Wikipedia, and the original version can be found here.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Wikipedia: “Cellular Respiration: Theoretical Yields”
- 6.3 Anaerobic Respiration
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6.3.1 Alcoholic Fermentation
- Web Media: Pearson Education: “Alcoholic Fermentation”Link: Pearson Education: “Alcoholic Fermentation” (HTML)
Instructions: Watch the four animations to understand how ethanol (alcohol) is produced. Click on “Animate 1,” “Animate 2,” “Animate 3,” and “Animate 4” to view the steps of fermentation. Thanks to alcoholic fermentation, we can enjoy beer, wine, and other alcoholic beverages! Anaerobic respiration does not require the presence of oxygen because it uses other molecules as electron acceptors for electrons from high-energy NADH molecules.
Watching these four animations should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: Pearson Education: “Alcoholic Fermentation”
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6.3.2 Lactic Acid Fermentation
- Web Media: Pearson Education: “Lactic Acid Fermentation”Link: Pearson Education: “Lactic Acid Fermentation” (HTML)
Instructions: Watch the four animations to understand how lactic acid is generated (you will notice it is similar to how ethanol is created). When our bodies do not have enough oxygen to generate ATP, or when we need more ATP than aerobic respiration is providing us with, lactate fermentation steps up and enables us to produce the ATP we need. Students should also compare the reactions of anaerobic and aerobic metabolism to understand why the latter is more efficient at producing energy-rich molecules necessary for life. This difference also explains why most life forms on Earth utilize aerobic metabolism.
Watching these four animations should take approximately 30 minutes.
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- Web Media: Pearson Education: “Lactic Acid Fermentation”
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Unit 6 Quiz
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation’s “BIO101 Unit 6 Quiz”
Link: The Saylor Foundation’s “BIO101 Unit 6 Quiz”
Instructions: Complete this assessment to gauge your understanding of the topics covered in this unit. The correct answers will be displayed when you click the “Submit” button.
Completing this assessment should take approximately 30 minutes.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation’s “BIO101 Unit 6 Quiz”
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Unit 7: Molecular Genetics
We will now turn to the molecular aspect of genetics, the field of biology that studies how we pass on our genes (DNA). Simply put, two processes enable us to pass along our genes: DNA replication (which produces an exact copy of the original cell) and DNA recombination (which creates a unique new cell from the mother cell). Recombination is the molecular mechanism that creates diversity amongst life forms. Both replication and recombination are comprised of a complex series of reactions that involve the parent DNA strands. More information on this topic is discussed in the genetics course.Unit 7 Time Advisory show close
Unit 7 Learning Outcomes show close
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7.1 Mendelian genetics
- Reading: Estrella Mountain College: Michael J. Farabee’s “Introduction to Genetics”Link: Estrella Mountain College:Michael J. Farabee’s “Introduction to Genetics” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this webpage to learn the fundamentals of genetics, which Gregor Mendel demonstrated.
Reading this webpage and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour.
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- Reading: Estrella Mountain College: Michael J. Farabee’s “Introduction to Genetics”
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7.2 DNA Replication
- Lecture: Youtube: University of California, Berkeley: Webcast.Berkeley: “DNA Replication and the PCR”Link: YouTube: University of California, Berkeley: Webcast.Berkeley: “DNA Replication and the PCR” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this video from 10:40 minutes to the end (51:51). It may help to take notes on the lecture as you view it. This lecture will focus on the molecular aspects of DNA replication, and it covers the material you need to know for subunits 7.1.1 through 7.1.4.
Watching this video and taking notes should take approximately 2 hours.
Terms of Use: The above video is reposted from the University of California – Berkeley’s Webcast.Berkeley. This video is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “DNA Replication”Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “DNA Replication” (HTML)
Instructions: Read the entire page to learn about DNA replication. The material covers subunits 7.1.1 through 7.1.2.
Reading this webpage and taking notes should take approximately 2 hours.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Seeley, Stephens, and Tate’s Anatomy & Physiology: “DNA Replication”Link: McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Seeley, Stephens, and Tate’s Anatomy & Physiology: “DNA Replication” (Flash)
Instructions: Watch this animation on DNA replication, and take the quiz at the end to gauge how well you have learned the material. The animation covers the material you need to know for subunits 7.1.1 through 7.1.2.
Watching this animation and taking the quiz should take approximately 30minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Youtube: University of California, Berkeley: Webcast.Berkeley: “DNA Replication and the PCR”
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7.2.1 Initiation of Replication
Note: This subunit is covered by the resources assigned beneath subunit 7.1. Watch the video and the animation resources. For the National Center for Biotechnology Information resource, please focus on the “Origins and the Initiation of Replication” section.
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7.2.2 Okazaki Fragments and Replication Forks
Note: This subunit is covered by the resources assigned below subunit 7.1. Watch the video and the animation resources. For the National Center for Biotechnology Information resource, please focus on the “The Replication Fork” section. DNA is replicated in the 5’ to 3’ direction, so be sure to understand the significance of this directionality in DNA replication.
- 7.3 DNA Recombination
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7.3.1 Homologous Recombination
- Lecture: YouTube: Stanford University: Professor Gilbert Chu’s "3 Rs of DNA"
Link: YouTube: Stanford University: Professor Gilbert Chu’s “3 Rs of DNA” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch and take notes on this lecture from 17:15 to 50:50 minutes. It focuses on several important aspects of DNA recombination. Note that this lecture covers the material you need to know for subunits 7.2.1 through 7.2.2.
Watching this lecture and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour and 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: This video is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License. It is attributed to Gilbert Chu and Stanford University, and the original version can be found here.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: YouTube: Stanford University: Professor Gilbert Chu’s "3 Rs of DNA"
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7.3.2 Holliday Junction
Note: This subunit is covered by the lecture assigned beneath subunit 7.2.1. The Holliday junction is discussed in the lecture from 20:00–27:00 minutes.
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7.4 Molecular Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria
- Lecture: YouTube: University of California, Berkeley: Webcast.Berkeley: “Microbial Genetics, and Evolution-Chromosomes, Plasmids, and Phage”Link: YouTube: University of California, Berkeley: Webcast.Berkeley: “Microbial Genetics, and Evolution-Chromosomes, Plasmids, and Phage” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this lecture from 5:25 minutes to the end (48:41) to learn about the genetics of viruses and bacteria. As you go through this subunit, compare and contrast the differences and similarities between eukaryotes, bacteria, and viruses. Note this lecture covers the material you need to know for subunits 7.3.1 and 7.3.2.
Watching this lecture and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour and 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: The above video is reposted from the University of California, Berkeley’s Webcast.Berkeley. This video is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: YouTube: University of California, Berkeley: Webcast.Berkeley: “Microbial Genetics, and Evolution-Chromosomes, Plasmids, and Phage”
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7.4.1 Viral Lytic and Lysogenic Life Cycles
Note: This subunit is covered by the lecture assigned beneath subunit 7.3 Viral lytic and lysogenic life cycles are discussed from 28:00–37:30.
- Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael J. Farabee’s “Biological Diversity: Viruses”Link: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael J. Farabee’s “Biological Diversity: Viruses”
Instructions: Read the “Viruses: A Group of Intracellular Parasites” section to learn about the two kinds of virus cycles.
Reading this section and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour.
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- Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael J. Farabee’s “Biological Diversity: Viruses”
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7.4.2 Bacterial Conjugation, Transformation, and Transduction
Note: This subunit is covered by the lecture assigned beneath subunit 7.3. Bacterial conjugation and transformation are discussedfrom 37:00–48:41 minutes.
- Web Media: YouTube: Craig Savage’s “Bacterial Reproduction & Exchanges of Genetic Material” (YouTube)Link: YouTube: Craig Savage’s “Bacterial Reproduction & Exchanges of Genetic Material” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch the video to gain an understanding of the processes of conjugation, transformation, and transduction.
Watching this video and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Samuel Baron’s (ed.) Medical Microbiology, 4e: “Transformation, Transduction, and Conjugation”Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Samuel Baron’s (ed.) Medical Microbiology, 4e: “Transformation, Transduction, and Conjugation” (HTML)
Instructions: Read the “Transformation,” “Transduction,” and “Conjugation” sections for an overview of these genetic exchange methods. Bacteria use these three separate methods in order to obtain new pieces of genetic information. These methods help bacterial cells overcome their inability to genetically recombine via sexual reproduction, a process that only occurs in eukaryotic cells. Scientists have learned how to use these methods to their advantage in the laboratory; this is how they introduce new genes to bacteria.
Reading these sections and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: YouTube: Craig Savage’s “Bacterial Reproduction & Exchanges of Genetic Material” (YouTube)
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7.5 Recombinant DNA
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Recombinant DNA”Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Recombinant DNA”(HTML)
Instructions: Read this entire page to understand recombinant DNA technology. The discovery of ways to recombine genes in the laboratory led to the field of biotechnology. For a more in-depth look at these and similar topics, consider enrolling in BIO403: Biotechnology.
Reading this webpage and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour and 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: YouTube: Zabaaz’s “DNA Cloning”Link: YouTube: Zabaaz’s “DNA Cloning” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this animation (4:24) of DNA cloning to visualize the steps required for this laboratory technique.
Watching this video and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Recombinant DNA”
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Unit 7 Quiz
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation’s “BIO101 Unit 7 Quiz”Link: The Saylor Foundation’s “BIO101 Unit 7 Quiz”
Instructions: Complete this assessment to gauge your understanding of the topics covered in this unit. The correct answers will be displayed when you click the “Submit” button.
Completing this assessment should take approximately 30 minutes.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation’s “BIO101 Unit 7 Quiz”
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Unit 8: Cell Division
Almost all living cells have the ability to divide and form two new cells. Depending on the function of the mother cell, the new cells can be either exact replicas of the original cell or unique new ones. Mitosis is the process by which a cell creates an exact replica of itself; it occurs a countless number of times in living organisms. In fact, because of mitosis, most of the cells in your body are no more than a few months old, regardless of how old you are. Meiosis, on the other hand, is the process by which the mother cell creates uniquely new cells. It only takes place in reproductive cells, such as sperm cells or egg cells. This process explains why you are not an exact replica of your parents and is the reason why humans are as diverse as they are. It might be useful to think of mitosis as the cellular counterpart to DNA replication and meiosis as the counterpart to DNA recombination.Unit 8 Time Advisory show close
Unit 8 Learning Outcomes show close
- Lecture: YouTube: University of California, Berkeley: Webcast.Berkeley: "Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Reproduction of Cells,” “Chromosomes, Checkpoints, and Cancer,” and “Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycle”Link: YouTube: University of California, Berkeley: Webcast.Berkeley: “Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Reproduction of Cells,”“Chromosomes, Checkpoints, and Cancer,” and “Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycle” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch these lectures and take notes as you view each lecture. They focus on mitosis and meiosis as part of the overall cell cycle.
Watching these lectures and taking notes should take approximately 4 hours.
Terms of Use: The above video is reposted from the University of California, Berkeley’s Webcast.Berkeley. This video is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: YouTube: Khan Academy’s “Cancer”Link: YouTube: Khan Academy’s "Cancer” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this lecture, which introduces the cell cycle and cancer.
Watching this lecture and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License. It is attributed to Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: YouTube: University of California, Berkeley: Webcast.Berkeley: "Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Reproduction of Cells,” “Chromosomes, Checkpoints, and Cancer,” and “Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycle”
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8.1 Cell Cycle
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “An Overview of the Cell Cycle”Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “An Overview of the Cell Cycle” (HTML)
Instructions: Read the “An Overview of the Cell Cycle” and “The Cell-Cycle Control System Is Similar in All Eukaryotes” sections to understand the basics of the cell cycle.
Reading these sections and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “An Overview of the Cell Cycle”
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8.1.1 Interphases
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Phases of Mitosis”Link: Khan Academy’s “Phases of Mitosis” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch the first eight minutes of the lecture to understand which stages of the cell cycle are considered interphase and what happens during these stages. Note that this lecture also covers the topic of S Phase in subunit 8.1.2.
Watching this lecture and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License. It is attributed to Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Phases of Mitosis”
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8.1.2 S Phase
- Reading: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: “The Cell Cycle”
Link: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: “The Cell Cycle” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this resource and click on the embedded links. Pay close attention to what occurs during the S phase.
Reading this webpage and taking notes should take approximately 1 hour and 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: “The Cell Cycle”
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8.1.3 Regulation of Cell Control
- Reading: National Institute of General Medical Sciences: Kirstie Saltsman’s Inside the Cell: “Chapter 4: Cellular Reproduction: Multiplication by Division”Link: National Institute of General Medical Sciences: Kirstie Saltsman’s Inside the Cell: “Chapter 4: Cellular Reproduction: Multiplication by Division”
Instructions: Read the “Checkpoints: Cellular Inspectors” section to gain an overview of how the progression of a cell through the cell cycle is regulated by proteins.
Reading this section and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Institute of General Medical Sciences: Kirstie Saltsman’s Inside the Cell: “Chapter 4: Cellular Reproduction: Multiplication by Division”
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8.2 Mitosis
- Web Media: McGraw Hill: Biology, 8e: “Mitosis & Cytokinesis”Link: McGraw Hill: Biology, 8e: “Mitosis & Cytokinesis” (Flash)
Instructions: Watch this animation to visually distinguish between the individual steps of mitosis. After watching the animation, take the quiz to gauge how well you have learned the material. Keep in mind that mitosis is associated with the cell division of non-gamete-forming cells (somatic cells). It occurs in unicellular organisms when they are cloning themselves or in cell division of somatic cells during growth of multicellular organisms.
Watching this video and completing the quiz should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael J. Farabee’s “Cell Division: Binary Fission and Mitosis”Link: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael J. Farabee’s “Cell Division: Binary Fission and Mitosis”
Instructions: Starting at the “Mitosis” section, read this webpage to learn the processes and stages of mitosis. Please be sure to note the progression of the phases of mitosis, the names of the phases of mitosis, and what each phase of mitosis accomplishes.
Reading this section and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: YouTube: Khan Academy’s “Phases of Mitosis”Link: YouTube: Khan Academy’s “Phases of Mitosis” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this lecture, which reviews mitosis.
Watching this lecture and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License. It is attributed to Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: McGraw Hill: Biology, 8e: “Mitosis & Cytokinesis”
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8.3 Meiosis I
- Web Media: McGraw Hill: Biology, 8e: “Meiosis I” (Flash)Link: McGraw Hill: Biology, 8e: “Meiosis I” (Flash)
Instructions: Watch this animation to visually distinguish between the individual steps of meiosis I. Please also take the quiz following the animation. In Prophase I, genes from the mother and father strands recombine to create a new and unique DNA strand. Think back to DNA recombination. Additionally, meiosis is associated with cell division of gamete-forming cells (egg- or sperm-forming cells). Meiosis occurs in animals’ ovaries and testicles and in plants’ ovaries and anther. Pay attention to how mitosis differs from meiosis.
Watching this animation and taking the quiz should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael J. Farabee’s “Phases of Meiosis”Link: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael J. Farabee’s “Phases of Meiosis” (HTML)
Also available in:
Google Books
Instructions: Read each of the Meiosis I sections to understand what occurs at each stage.
Reading this resource and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: McGraw Hill: Biology, 8e: “Meiosis I” (Flash)
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8.4 Meiosis II
- Web Media: McGraw Hill: Biology, 8e: “Meiosis II”Link: McGraw Hill: Biology, 8e: “Meiosis II” (Flash)
Instructions: Watch this animation to visually distinguish among the individual steps of meiosis II. Please also take the quiz following the animation.
Watching this animation and taking the quiz should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael J. Farabee’s “Prophase II"Link: Estrella Mountain Community College: Michael J. Farabee’s “Prophase II” (HTML)
Also available in:
Google Books
Instructions: Read from “Prophase II” through “Telophase II” to understand what happens at each stage of meiosis II.
Reading this resource and taking notes should take approximately 30 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: McGraw Hill: Biology, 8e: “Meiosis II”
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8.5 Cytokinesis
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Cytokinesis”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Cytokinesis” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this section to learn how cells divide into two separate daughter cells. Remember that cytokinesis occurs at the end of mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II.
Reading this section and taking notes should take approximately 15 minutes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Cytokinesis”
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Unit 8 Quiz
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation’s “BIO101 Unit 8 Quiz”
Link: The Saylor Foundation’s “BIO101 Unit 8 Quiz”
Instructions: Complete this assessment to gauge your understanding of the topics covered in this unit. The correct answers will be displayed when you click the “Submit” button.
Completing this assessment should take approximately 30 minutes.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation’s “BIO101 Unit 8 Quiz”
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Final Exam
- Final Exam: The Saylor Foundation’s “BIO101 Final Exam”Link: The Saylor Foundation’s “BIO101 Final Exam”
Instructions: You must be logged into your Saylor Foundation School account in order to access this exam. If you do not yet have an account, you will be able to create one, free of charge, after clicking the link.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Final Exam: The Saylor Foundation’s “BIO101 Final Exam”
Questions? Consult the FAQ's!



