English Romantic Poetry
Purpose of Course showclose
Learning Outcomes showclose
- Provide an account of Romanticism as both an historical period as well as a movement in art and literature.
- Identify and explain Romanticism in terms of its relation to the French Revolution.
- Describe the new views of society and social relations that arose during this era.
- Explain the significance of industrialization, the rise of the working class, the expansion of British Empire, the heightening of British nationalism, and the rise of the press.
- Explain Romanticism’s relationship to Neo-Classicism.
- List and describe the major tenets of Romanticism, including the movement’s interests in the natural world, supernaturalism, revolution, morality, ethics, exoticism, urbanization, mindscapes, moods, imagination, and interiority.
- Provide an account of the nature and function of the Romantic craft of authorship.
Course Requirements showclose
√ Have access to a computer
√ Have continuous broadband internet access
√ Have the ability/permission to install plug-ins or software (e.g. Adobe Reader of Flash)
√ Have the ability to download and save files and documents to a computer
√ Have the ability to open Microsoft files and documents (.doc, .ppt, .xls, etc.)
√ Be competent in the English language
√ Have read the Saylor Student Handbook.
√ Have completed ENGL203: Cultural and Literary Expression in the 18th and 19th Centuries
Unit Outline show close
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Unit 1: An Introduction to the Romantic Period and Its Poetry
The Romantic period coincided with the industrialization of Britain and dramatic “popular” revolutions in France and America, developments that changed the way in which people conceived of themselves and their relationships with their societies. Many awakened to the concepts of self-determination and individual rights, turning away from the largely agrarian Feudal system that had for centuries dictated one’s place in society.
Unit 1 Time Advisory show close
In this unit, we will examine these social changes and the impact they had on the development of English Romantic poetry. We will conclude with an overview of English Romanticism—its principal characteristics, practitioners, and conventions.
Unit 1 Learning Outcomes show close
- 1.1 Romanticism in Socio-Historical Context
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1.1.1 Introduction to the French Revolution
- Lecture: Khan Academy: Salman Khan’s “The French Revolution Part 1”
Link: Khan Academy: Salman Khan’s “The French Revolution Part 1” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please watch the entirety of this segment from the Khan Academy on the French Revolution for an introduction to the era and especially to the causes of the French Revolution. What were the major historical causes of the French Revolution?
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: The Victorian Web's Dr. David Cody’s Brief Introduction to the “French Revolution”
Link: The Saylor Foundation: The Victorian Web's Dr. David Cody’s Brief Introduction to the “French Revolution” (PDF)
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Instructions: Please read the entirety of Dr. Cody’s brief introduction to the French Revolution. How did the French Revolution impact life in England?
About the Link: The Victorian Web, an online database, is dedicated to the history, literature, and culture of the Victorian Era.
Terms of Use: This resource is used under academic permission. It can be reproduced for educational and scholarly use according to these (HTML) guidelines.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Khan Academy: Salman Khan’s “The French Revolution Part 1”
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1.1.2 New Views on Society and Social Relations
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: Excerpt from Edmund Burke’s Reflections on the French Revolution and Part One and Part Two of Thomas Paine’s The Rights of Man
Links: The Saylor Foundation: Excerpt from Edmund Burke’s Reflections on the French Revolution (PDF) and Part One (PDF) and Part Two (PDF) of Thomas Paine’s The Rights of Man.
Also available in: (Burke)
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Google Books
Kindle (Available for purchase $9.42)
iBooks (Available for purchase $0.99)
Also available in: (Paine)
HTML (Part 1)
HTML (Part 2)
Google Books
iBooks (Available for purchase $0.99)
Instructions: Please read the entirety of this selection from Burke’s conservative letter attacking the French Revolution as well as Paine’s liberal response to Burke’s letter. As you read both texts, consider the reasoning that both authors give for their respective stances on the French Revolution. How would you describe Burke’s stance? What is the logic behind his attack on the Revolution? How does Paine respond to this attack? How would you characterize Paine’s stance on the subject?
About the Links: Bartleby.com, a literary database, has made available the full text of Burke’s Reflections on the French Revolution. USHistory.org, a website dedicated to American history, has made available online the full text of Paine’s The Rights of Man.
Terms of Use: The readings above are in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: Excerpt from Edmund Burke’s Reflections on the French Revolution and Part One and Part Two of Thomas Paine’s The Rights of Man
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1.1.3 English Politics During the Age of the French Revolution
- Reading: The History Guide: Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History: Lecture 14—The Language of Politics: England and the French Revolution
Link: The History Guide: Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History: Lecture 14—The Language of Politics: England and the French Revolution(HTML)
Instructions: Please scroll down and read the entirety of the History Guide’s introduction to England during the French Revolution. This website will provide you with useful contextual background to Britain during the era of revolution in France.
About the Link: The History Guide: Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History, a website dedicated to providing information concerning the history of Europe, has made available this lecture on England during the French Revolution.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The History Guide: Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History: Lecture 14—The Language of Politics: England and the French Revolution
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1.1.4 Industrialization, the Decline of Agrarian Lifestyle, and the Rise of the Urban, Working Class
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: “The Industrial Revolution and the Romantic Spirit”; and BBC.com: Dr. Donna Loftus’ “The Rise of the Victorian Middle Class”
Links: The Saylor Foundation: "The Industrial Revolution and the Romantic Spirit" (PDF); and BBC.com: Dr. Donna Loftus’ “The Rise of the Victorian Middle Class”(HTML)
Instructions: Please scroll down and read the entirety of The Saylor Foundation's essay as well as the entirety of Dr. Loftus’ essay. Both texts will provide you with the context you need in order to understand the rise of a new urban working class during the eighteenth century and the Romantic era. How did the new urban working class socially and culturally impact England?
About the Links: Dr. Loftus’ essay has been made available by BBC.com, a website dedicated to British politics, culture, and life.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyrights and terms of use displayed on the BBC webpage above. "The Industrial Revolution and the Romantic Spirit" is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. It is attributed to The Saylor Foundation.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: “The Industrial Revolution and the Romantic Spirit”; and BBC.com: Dr. Donna Loftus’ “The Rise of the Victorian Middle Class”
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1.1.5 Expansion of the Empire and the New World
- Reading: Romantic Circles Praxis Series: Francesco Crocco’s “The Ruins of Empire: Nationalism, Art, and Empire in Hemans’ Modern Greece”
Link: Romantic Circles Praxis Series: Francesco Crocco’s “The Ruins of Empire: Nationalism, Art, and Empire in Hemans’ Modern Greece”(HTML)
Instructions: Please scroll down and read the entirety of Crocco’s essay for a useful introduction to British Imperialism during the Romantic era.
About the Link: Francesco Crocco, a Writing Fellow at Lehman College and a graduate student in the Ph.D. Program in English at The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, has published his essay in Romantic Circles Praxis Series, an online-criticism resource database for Romantic studies.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Romantic Circles Praxis Series: Francesco Crocco’s “The Ruins of Empire: Nationalism, Art, and Empire in Hemans’ Modern Greece”
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1.1.6 The Rise of Nationalism and National Identity
- Reading: Romantic Circles Praxis Series: Matthew Borushko’s “‘A Nation or a World’: Patriotism in Shelley”
Link: Romantic Circles Praxis Series: Matthew Borushko’s “‘A Nation or a World’: Patriotism in Shelley”(HTML)
Instructions: Please scroll down and read the entirety of Borushko’s essay on nationalism and national identity in the Romantic era.
About the Link: Matthew Borushko is a doctoral candidate at Boston University. He has published on Percy Bysshe Shelley, and his research concerns the conceptualization and representation of Necessity in Romantic literature. Romantic Circles Praxis Series, an online-criticism resource database for Romantic studies, has published Borushko’s essay.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Romantic Circles Praxis Series: Matthew Borushko’s “‘A Nation or a World’: Patriotism in Shelley”
- 1.2 The Literary Scene
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1.2.1 The Rise of the Press: Freedom of Speech, Technological Advances, and Changes in Readership
- Reading: Romantic Circles Reviews: Dr. Michelle Levy’s “William St. Clair, The Reading Nation in the Romantic Period. Authorship, Commerce and the Public, eds. Clery, Franklin, Garside. Press, Politics and the Public Sphere, eds. Barker and Burrows. Women’s Writing, eds. Justice and Tinker”
Link: Romantic Circles Reviews: Dr. Michelle Levy’s “William St. Clair, The Reading Nation in the Romantic Period. Authorship, Commerce and the Public, eds. Clery, Franklin, Garside. Press, Politics and the Public Sphere, eds. Barker and Burrows. Women’s Writing, eds. Justice and Tinker”(HTML)
Instructions: Please scroll down and read the entirety of Dr. Levy’s essay reviewing a series of texts that explored the role of printing and the press in the Romantic era.
About the Link: Romantic Circles Reviews, an online journal dedicated to providing reviews of the works of prominent Romanticists, has published Dr. Levy’s review.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Romantic Circles Reviews: Dr. Michelle Levy’s “William St. Clair, The Reading Nation in the Romantic Period. Authorship, Commerce and the Public, eds. Clery, Franklin, Garside. Press, Politics and the Public Sphere, eds. Barker and Burrows. Women’s Writing, eds. Justice and Tinker”
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1.2.2 Neoclassical Art: Reason, Form, and Order
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: “How to Read a Poem”
Link: The Saylor Foundation: “How to Read a Poem” (PDF)
Instructions: In the reading in the resource box below, you will encounter the first of many poems you will read in this course. Prior to doing so, please read the entirety of the linked handout entitled “How to Read a Poem.” This will provide you with some important tips that will help you as you read.
Terms of Use: This reading is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (HTML). It is attributed to The Saylor Foundation.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: John Dryden’s “An Essay of Dramatic Poesy” and “Mac Flecknoe”
Links: The Saylor Foundation: John Dryden's "An Essay of Dramatic Poesy" (PDF) and "Mac Flecknoe" (PDF)
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HTML (Mac Flecknoe)
Instructions: Please scroll down and read the first fifty paragraphs of Dr. Lynch’s version of Dryden’s essay as well as the entirety of Dryden’s “Mac Flecknoe.”
About the Links: Dr. Lynch, of Rutgers University, Newark, has made the entirety of these texts available online here (HTML).
Terms of Use: The readings above are in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: “How to Read a Poem”
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1.2.3 Neoclassicism
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: The Victorian Web's "Neoclassicism: An Introduction"
Link: The Saylor Foundation: The Victorian Web's "Neoclassicism: An Introduction" (PDF)
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Instructions: Please read through this bried introduction to the concept of Neoclassicism, the artistic movement which pre-dated Romanticism.
About the link: The Victorian Web is an online collection of short academic articles authored by experts in the field of pre-20th century English literature and art.
Terms of Use: This reading is used under academic permission. It can be reproduced for educational and scholarly uses according to these (HTML) guidelines.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: The Victorian Web's "Neoclassicism: An Introduction"
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1.2.4 Major Tenets of Romanticism: A Brief Overview
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: City University of New York, Brooklyn College's Dr. Lilia Melani’s “Romanticism”
Link: The Saylor Foundation: City University of New York, Brooklyn College's Dr. Lilia Melani’s “Romanticism” (PDF)
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Instructions: Please scroll down and read the entirety of Dr. Melani’s introduction to the tenets of Romanticism. What were the major tenents and ideas associated with Romanticism? How did Romantic writers tend to regard symbolism and myth? How did Romanticism differ from Neoclassicism? What are some of the traits of the figure of the Romantic hero? What is the relation between the rise of the Romanticism and the French Revolution?
About the Link: Dr. Melani, a professor of English at the City University of New York, Brooklyn College, has made available this introduction to Romanticism through her university website.
Terms of Use: The linked material above has been reposted by the kind permission of Dr. Lilia Melani, and can be viewed in its original form here. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: City University of New York, Brooklyn College's Dr. Lilia Melani’s “Romanticism”
- 1.3 An Introduction to Romantic Poetry
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1.3.1 The Ethos of the Romantic Era
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: Vancouver Island University Professor Dr. Ian Johnston’s “Introduction to the Romantic Era in English Poetry”
Link: The Saylor Foundation: Vancouver Island University Professor Dr. Ian Johnston’s “Introduction to the Romantic Era in English Poetry” (HTML)
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Instructions: Please scroll down and read the entirety of Dr. Johnston’s useful introduction to the Romantic Era in English poetry. Why is the concept of Romanticism difficult to define? What are some of the hallmarks of the "Romantic attitude?" How has Romanticisim influenced the way people of today understand themselves.?
About the Link: Dr. Johnston has made this document available online through his departmental website. In this text, Dr. Johnston describes the general ethos of the Romantic era.
Terms of Use: This reading is in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: Vancouver Island University Professor Dr. Ian Johnston’s “Introduction to the Romantic Era in English Poetry”
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1.3.2 Focus on Nature and the Natural World
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: "William Blake," William Blake’s “The Echoing Green,”; and The Victorian Web's Dr. George P. Landow’s “Romantic Nature”
Links: The Saylor Foundation: "William Blake" (PDF), William Blake’s “The Echoing Green,” (PDF); and The Victorian Web: Dr. George P. Landow’s “Romantic Nature” (PDF)
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HTML ("Romantic Nature")
Instructions: Please begin by reading the brief entry on Blake and then read the entirety of Blake’s poem (in which he delights in the beauty of a landscape and the interaction between man and nature) as well as Dr. Landow’s introduction to the role of nature in the Romantic era. During the Romantic era, authors became increasingly fascinated with the role of the natural world in the life of the human. In what ways does Blake’s poem figure and focus on nature?
Terms of Use: The reading "William Blake" is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (HTML), it is attributed to the Saylor Foundation. William Blake's "The Echoing Green" is in the public domain. "Romantic Nature" is used under academic permission, it can be reproduced for educational and scholarly use according to these (HTML) guidelines.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: "William Blake," William Blake’s “The Echoing Green,”; and The Victorian Web's Dr. George P. Landow’s “Romantic Nature”
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1.3.3 Immediacy of Expression
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: "William Wordsworth" and William Wordsworth’s “A Night-Piece”
Link: The Saylor Foundation: "William Wordsworth" (PDF) and William Wordsworth’s “A Night-Piece”(PDF)
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Instructions: Please begin by reading the brief entry on Wordsworth and then read the entirety of Bartleby’s version of Wordsworth’s poem. In this poem, Wordsworth focuses on the individual subject’s experience of immediate sense perception. In what ways does the poem focus on the ways in which the individual experiences his or her surroundings/environment?
Note on the text: In this poem, Wordsworth presents the experience of witnessing nature and feeling spontaneously inspired and awestruck by it. How does Wordsworth understand the natural world in this poem?
Terms of Use: "William Wordsworth" is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (HTML), it is attributed to The Saylor Foundation. "A Night-Piece" is in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: "William Wordsworth" and William Wordsworth’s “A Night-Piece”
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1.3.4 Drama and Heightened Sensation
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: “Samuel Taylor Coleridge” and Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s “The Picture; or, the Lover’s Resolution”
Link: The Saylor Foundation: “Samuel Taylor Coleridge” (PDF) and Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s “The Picture; or, the Lover’s Resolution” (PDF)
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Google Books (Page 171)
Instructions: Please read then brief entry on Coleridge and then scroll down and read the entirety of Coleridge’s poem. In this lively adventure poem, we follow a speaker running through a lush, dense forest scene; the pace of the poem mirrors the movement and excitement of its character.
Terms of Use: "Samuel Taylor Coleridge" is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (HTML), it is attributed to The Saylor Foundation. "The Picture; or, the Lover's Resolution" is in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: “Samuel Taylor Coleridge” and Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s “The Picture; or, the Lover’s Resolution”
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1.3.5 An Art for the People
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “Advertisement to Lyrical Ballads”
Link: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “Advertisement to Lyrical Ballads" (PDF)
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Instructions: Please scroll down and read the entirety of Bartleby’s version of Wordsworth’s advertisement.
Terms of Use: This reading is in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “Advertisement to Lyrical Ballads”
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1.3.6 Roots in Folklore
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “Goody Blake and Harry Gill: A True Story”
Link: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “Goody Blake and Harry Gill: A True Story” (PDF)
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Instructions: Please read the entirety of Wordsworth’s poem.
Terms of Use: This reading is in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “Goody Blake and Harry Gill: A True Story”
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Unit 2: Landscapes and the Outer World
The Romantic poet often situates his poetry in a natural setting, delighting in its beauty and its awe-inspiring strength and wildness. In this unit, we will take a more critical look at representations of the natural world and at depictions of place and setting more generally, from the cityscape to imagined exotic worlds of the past. We will conclude by exploring poems that feature movement within those spaces, discussing concepts of travel, imagination, exploration, and identity.
Unit 2 Time Advisory show close
Unit 2 Learning Outcomes show close
- 2.1 Romantic Views of Nature
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2.1.1 A Celebration of the Natural
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: “John Keats”; John Keats’ “Ode to a Nightingale” and “To Autumn”; and Anna Laetitia Barbauld’s “A Summer Evening’s Meditation,”
Links: The Saylor Foundation: “John Keats" (PDF); John Keats’ “Ode to a Nightingale” (PDF) and “To Autumn” (PDF); and Anna Laetitia Barbauld’s “A Summer Evening’s Meditation” (PDF)
Also Available in:
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HTML ("To Autumn")
HTML ("A Summer Evening's Meditation")
Instructions: Please begin by reading the brief entry on Keats and then read the entirety of Barbauld’s poem as well as the entirety of both of Keats’ poems. In what ways do you understand both Barbauld and Keats to be celebrating the natural world in their respective texts? In what ways are these representations of nature different or in conflict?
About the Links: Romantic Circles Electronic Editions offers a searchable archive of texts of the Romantic era, enhanced by technology made possible in an online environment. Each edition is based on the highest scholarly standards and is peer-reviewed. Bartleby.com, a literary database, has made the entirety of both of Keats’ poems available online.
Terms of Use: "John Keats" is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (HTML), it is attributed to The Saylor Foundation. "Ode to a Nightingale" "To Autumn" and "A Summer Evening's Meditation" are in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: “John Keats”; John Keats’ “Ode to a Nightingale” and “To Autumn”; and Anna Laetitia Barbauld’s “A Summer Evening’s Meditation,”
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2.1.2 The Riparian Muse and River Poems
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “Valedictory Sonnet to the River Duddon”
Link: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “Valedictory Sonnet to the River Duddon” (PDF)
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Instructions: Please scroll down and read the entirety of Wordsworth’s poem. The river was of central importance to the ways in which Wordsworth conceptualized and depicted nature in his poetry. In what ways does the river come to be represented in this poem? Why, do you think, would the river be so crucial to Wordsworth and his work?
About the Link: Bartleby.com, a literary database, has made the entirety of Wordsworth’s text available online.
Terms of Use: This reading is in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “Valedictory Sonnet to the River Duddon”
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2.1.3 Concepts of Nature: The Beautiful and the Sublime
- Reading: The University of Chicago: Laura Smith’s “Beautiful, Sublime” from the Theories of Media Keywords Glossary
Link: The University of Chicago: Laura Smith’s “Beautiful, Sublime” from the Theories of Media Keywords Glossary(HTML)
Instructions: Please scroll down and read the entirety of Smith’s useful introduction to the “beautiful” and the “sublime,” ideas first theorized during the Romantic era. Based on Smith’s introduction, why do you think these ideas became so crucial during this period of literary history? What is the difference between the "beautiful" and the "sublime?"
About the Link: Laura Smith, of the University of Chicago, has made this webpage available online through the university’s “Theories of Media Keywords Glossary.”
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The University of Chicago: Laura Smith’s “Beautiful, Sublime” from the Theories of Media Keywords Glossary
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2.1.4 Nature’s Violence and Austerity
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: “Lord Byron," Lord George Gordon Byron’s “Darkness” and William Wordsworth’s “Nutting”
Links: The Saylor Foundation: “Lord Byron" (PDF), Lord George Gordon Byron’s “Darkness” (PDF) and William Wordsworth’s “Nutting”(PDF)
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HTML (Nutting)
Instructions: Please begin by reading the short entry on Byron and then scroll down and read the entirety of Byron’s “Darkness” as well as Wordsworth’s “Nutting.” In both of these poems, Byron and Wordsworth depict a violent act committed in and against nature. In what ways do these poets represent the human’s acts against the natural environment? How do Byron and Wordworth's tones and attitudes differ from each other?
About the Links: Bartleby.com, a literary database, has made available online the entirety of these texts from Byron and Wordsworth.
Terms of Use: "Lord Byron" is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (HTML), it is attributed to The Saylor Foundation. "Darkness" and "Nutting" are in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: “Lord Byron," Lord George Gordon Byron’s “Darkness” and William Wordsworth’s “Nutting”
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2.1.5 The Supernatural in Nature
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Link: The Saylor Foundation: Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (PDF)
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Instructions: Please scroll down and read the entirety of Coleridge’s poem.
Note on the text: In his narrative peom the Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Coleridge presents an old mariner who has returned from sea to share the trails of his long voyage, which includes an eeries curse he endures after killing an albatross. Why does the Mariner kill the albatross? Is there a reasons? Why does the mariner feel compelled to recount the events that occured to the Wedding Guest? What did the figures of Death and Life-in-Death signify in the poem?
Terms of Use: This reading is in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
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2.1.6 Nature and Revolution
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: "Percy Bysshe Shelley" and Percy Bysshe Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind”
Link: The Saylor Foundation: "Percy Bysshe Shelley" (PDF) and Percy Bysshe Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind” (PDF)
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Instructions: Please begin by reading the short entry of Shelley and then read the entirety of Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind.” Many critics have argued that Shelley’s poem is about the revolutionary political and social spirit of this era, as symbolized through nature imagery. Do you agree? In what ways would the “West Wind” represent revolution?
About the Link: Bartleby.com, a literary database, has made the entirety of Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind” available online.
Terms of Use: "Percy Bysshe Shelley" is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (HTML), it is attributed to The Saylor Foundation. "Ode to the West Wind" is in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: "Percy Bysshe Shelley" and Percy Bysshe Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind”
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2.1.7 Nature and Morality: Nature as a Means to Activating the Moral Sense
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “Beggars”
Link: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “Beggars” (PDF)
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Instructions: Please scroll down and read the entirety of Wordsworth’s poem. Throughout his poetry, Wordsworth was continuously concerned with depicting marginalized groups in morally and ethically informed ways. How does Wordsworth here depict the disenfranchised “beggar”?
About the Link: Bartleby.com, a literary database, has made the entirety of Wordsworth’s poem available online.
Terms of Use: This reading is in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “Beggars”
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2.1.8 Nature and the Infinite: The Limitlessness of the Natural World and Its Powers
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: Percy Bysshe Shelley’s “Mont Blanc”
Link: The Saylor Foundation: Percy Bysshe Shelley’s “Mont Blanc” (PDF)
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Instructions: Please scroll down and read the entirety of Shelley’s poem. Shelley’s poem is deeply concerned with attempting to depict the apparently limitless powers of the natural world. In what ways does the poem capture nature’s ostensible infinitudes? How does this poem depict the sublime?
About the Link: Dr. Gamer, an English professor at the University of Pennsylvania, has made the entirety of Shelley’s poem available online through his departmental website.
Terms of Use: This resource is in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: Percy Bysshe Shelley’s “Mont Blanc”
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2.1.9 “Reading” the Outer World: Nature as a System of Symbols
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways”
Link: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways” (PDF)
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Instructions: Please scroll down and read the entirety of Wordsworth’s poem. Many critics have argued that Wordsworth’s work depicts nature as a series of symbols which can be read almost like a literary text. How do you think Wordsworth figures nature? What types of symbols can you “read” in this poem?
About the Link: Bartleby.com, a literary database, has made the entirety of Wordsworth’s poem available online.
Terms of Use: This reading is in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways”
- 2.2 Cityscape Versus Landscape in Romantic Poetry
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2.2.1 History Capsule: Overview of City Life and Trends in Urbanization in the Romantic Period
- Reading: The Eighteenth Century: Theory and Interpretation: Dr. Charlotte Sussman’s “Life and Letters in the City”
Link: The Eighteenth Century: Theory and Interpretation: Dr. Charlotte Sussman’s “Life and Letters in the City”(HTML)
Instructions: Please scroll down and read Dr. Sussman’s introduction to urbanization in the Romantic era. How did urbanization and the development of cities change how people lived?
About the Link: Dr. Sussman, a professor in the English department at Duke University, had this article published in the online journal The Eighteenth Century: Theory and Interpretation.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Eighteenth Century: Theory and Interpretation: Dr. Charlotte Sussman’s “Life and Letters in the City”
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2.2.2 Rustics Versus Sophisticates
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “Simon Lee” as well as an Excerpt from Wordsworth's “The Recluse”
Links: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “Simon Lee” (PDF) as well as an Excerpt from Wordsworth's "The Recluse" (PDF).
Also available in:
HTML ("Simon Lee")
HTML ("The Recluse")
Google Books ("The Recluse")
Instructions: Please read the entirety of Wordsworth’s "Simon Lee" and the entirety of "Part First" of "The Recluse." Wordsworth was very much concerned with giving accurate depictions to the changing nature of social relations in England during the Romantic era. Why do you think Wordsworth would focus on the figure of the “rustic” in this type of project? What does juxtaposing the “rustic” against other, more sophisticated individuals accomplish in his poetry?
About the Links: Bartleby.com, a literary database, has made the entirety of these texts available online.
Terms of Use: The readings above are in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “Simon Lee” as well as an Excerpt from Wordsworth's “The Recluse”
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2.2.3 The Press of City Life
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: William Blake’s “London”
Link: The Saylor Foundation: William Blake’s “London” (PDF)
Also Available in:
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Instructions: Please read the entirety of Blake’s poem. In this poem, Blake depicts the social dynamics of city life during the Romantic period. In what ways does the poet represent the city here? How is urban experience different from the experience of nature?
About the Link: Project Gutenberg, a literary database, has made available online the entirety of Blake’s poem.
Terms of Use: This reading is in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: William Blake’s “London”
- 2.3 The Exotic World
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2.3.1 Longing for the Distant Past
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: Excerpts from Lord George Gordon Byron’s Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage
Link: The Saylor Foundation: Excerpts from Lord George Gordon Byron’s Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (PDF)
Also available in:
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Google Books
Kindle (free)
iBooks (free)
Instructions: Please read the introduction and first full canto (“Canto the First”) of Byron’s long poem. What is the general mood of this poem? What is the point of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage?
Note on the text: In Byron's lengthy and partly autobiographical narrative poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, the speaker, weary of his life of leisure, sets out to a distant, foreign land of the past in search of escape and freedom. Childe Harold is widely considered to be Byron's most autobiographical and "true to life" poem.
About the Link: Project Gutenberg, a literary database, has made the entirety of Byron’s poem available online.
Terms of Use: This reading is in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: Excerpts from Lord George Gordon Byron’s Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage
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2.3.2 Imagining a New Landscape: A Faraway Place
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s “Kubla Khan”
Link: The Saylor Foundation: Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s “Kubla Khan” (PDF)
Also available in:
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Google Books (Page 35)
iBooks (Available for purchase $3.99)
Instructions: Please scroll down and read the entirety of Coleridge’s poem. Many critics believe that this poem is unfinished, as Coleridge himself suggests, while some other readers feel that it is, indeed, a finished and complete work. What do you think? Is the poem "finished" or is it simply a fragment of an unfinished poem?
Note on the text: Coleridge's famous poem "Kubla Khan" takes us to an imagined, distant, and isolated land called Xanadu: the imagery is strikingly and conjures a sense of a hazy hallucination. The poem was written while Coleridge was heavily addicted to opium and is considered by some critics to be an allegory of drug addiction as well as a portriat of a vivid opium hallucination.
About the Link: Bartleby.com, a literary database, has made the entirety of Coleridge’s poem available online.
Terms of Use: This reading is in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s “Kubla Khan”
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2.3.3 The Concept of “New Worlds” in a Colonial Context
- Reading: Romantic Circles: Dr. Peter J. Kitson’s “Chapter 2: Romanticism and Colonialism: Races, Places, Peoples, 1785—1800”
Link: Romantic Circles: Dr. Peter J. Kitson’s “Chapter 2: Romanticism and Colonialism: Races, Places, Peoples, 1785—1800”(HTML)
Instructions: Please scroll down and read the entirety of Dr. Kitson’s chapter on colonialism in the Romantic era, as published by Romantic Circles.
About the Link: Romantic Circles, an online journal devoted to research concerning the British Romantic era, has published Dr. Kitson’s chapter through the journal’s website.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Romantic Circles: Dr. Peter J. Kitson’s “Chapter 2: Romanticism and Colonialism: Races, Places, Peoples, 1785—1800”
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2.3.4 Escape from and Return to History: The New Historicism
- Lecture: YouTube: Yale University: Dr. Paul Fry’s lecture on the “New Historicism”
Link: Yale University: Dr. Paul Fry’s lecture on “The New Historicism” (YouTube)
Also available in:
HTML, Adbobe Flash, Mp3, or Quicktime
Instructions: Please watch the entirety of YouTube’s version of Dr. Fry’s lecture on “The New Historicism.” How does the practice of "New Historicism" differ from the practice of traditional historical study?
About the Link: The entirety of Dr. Fry’s lecture has been made available online through Open Yale Courses (via YouTube).
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: YouTube: Yale University: Dr. Paul Fry’s lecture on the “New Historicism”
- 2.4 Travel, Adventure, and Movement in the Romantic Poem
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2.4.1 A Wandering Imagination: Stasis and Movement of the Mind
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “Daffodils [‘I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud’]” as well as Excerpts from Wordsworth’s "The Prelude," and Dr. Andrew Burkett’s “Wordsworthian Chance”
Links: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “Daffodils [‘I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud']" (PDF), Excerpts from Wordsworth’s The Prelude, (PDF) and Dr. Andrew Burkett’s “Wordsworthian Chance” (PDF)
Also Available in:
HTML ("Daffodils")
HTML ("The Prelude")
HTML ("Wordsworthian Chance")
Instructions: Please scroll down and read the entirety of Wordsworth’s “Daffodils” as well as the entirety of “Book First” of Wordsworth’s The Prelude, a lengthy, autobiographical poem narrating, in the author's words, "the growth of the poet's Mind." How does Wordsworth depict the "growth of the poet's Mind" in this piece? Then, please read the entirety of Dr. Burkett’s essay on Wordsworth.
About the Links: Bartleby.com, a literary database, has made available online the full texts of both of these poems by Wordsworth. Romanticism and Victorianism on the Net is an online journal devoted to British Romantic and Victorian Studies.
Terms of Use: The two readings by William Wordsworth are in the public domain. "Wordsworthian Chance" is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License (HTML). It is attributed to Dr. Andrew Burkett.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “Daffodils [‘I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud’]” as well as Excerpts from Wordsworth’s "The Prelude," and Dr. Andrew Burkett’s “Wordsworthian Chance”
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2.4.2 The Byronic Hero and Adventure as Personal Development
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: “Canto the Second” of Lord George Gordon Byron’s Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage as well as “Dedication” and “Canto the First” from Byron’s Don Juan
Links: The Saylor Foundation: “Canto the Second” (PDF) of Lord George Gordon Byron’s Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage.
Also available in:
HTML
Google Books
Kindle (free)
iBooks (free)
and “Dedication” and “Canto the First” from Byron’s Don Juan (PDF)
Also available in:
HTML
Google Books
iBooks (free)
Instructions: Please scroll down and read the entirety of “Canto the Second” of Byron’s Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage as well as the “Dedication” and “Canto the First” of Byron’s Don Juan. Who is the narrator of Don Juan? How do his attitudes differ from Don Juan's? Why might Byron have chosen not to make Don Juan the narrator of his adventures like he did with Childe Harold?
Note on the text: Don Juan is a satirical epic poem in which Byron plays with the convention of the epic, introducing his own colloquial style and toying with the traditional concept of the hero. Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, which you encountered earlier in this course, is a long poem that charts the development of a central character and plots Byron's conception of the proper "hero" of literature.
About the Links: Project Gutenberg, a literary database, has made available online the full text versions of both of Byron’s long poems.
Terms of Use: The readings above are in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: “Canto the Second” of Lord George Gordon Byron’s Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage as well as “Dedication” and “Canto the First” from Byron’s Don Juan
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2.4.3 Traveling in Nature and Moral Progress
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “Peter Bell”
Link: The Saylor Foundaiton: William Wordsworth’s “Peter Bell” (PDF).
Also Available in:
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Instructions: Please read the entirety of Wordsworth’s poem.
About the Link: Bartleby.com, a literary database, has made available online the full text of Wordsworth’s poem.
Terms of Use: This reading is in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “Peter Bell”
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2.4.4 Romanticism and the Apocalypse
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: Lord Byron’s “Darkness,” Percy Bysshe Shelley’s “Ozymandius of Egypt,” “The Urizen Group,” and William Blake’s “The First Book of Urizen”
Links: The Saylor Foundation: Lord Byron’s “Darkness,” (PDF) Percy Bysshe Shelley’s “Ozymandias of Egypt,” (PDF) “The Urizen Group,” (PDF) and William Blake’s “The First Book of Urizen” (PDF)
Also Available in
HTML (Darkness)
HTML (Ozymandias of Egypt)
HTML (The Urizen Group)
HTML (The First Book of Urizen)
Instructions: Please read Byron, Shelley, and Blake’s (as well as the introduction to “The Urizen Group”) poems in their entirety. As you read, consider these questions: What kinds of apocalypse do these poets imagine? What brings about apocalypse in each of these poems? What kind of post-apocalyptic world is imagined in all of these poems? Does Byron’s vision of apocalypse remind you of any contemporary, popular descriptions of postnuclear apocalypse? How does Shelley conceptualize titanic, apocalyptic events from the past impacting the future through his description of Ozymandias? What kind of figure/persona is Blake’s Urizen? How does Blake conceptualize the figure out Urizen in relation to apocalypse, destruction, and rebirth?
Note: All of the major English Romantic poets showed a particular interest in the apocalypse. Despite the idealism and fascination with the past that a number of Romantics demonstrate throughout their work, many of the English Romantic poets show a remarkable fascination with destruction and apocalypse. Given the excesses and radical changes brought by the French Revolution, and incredible technological and cultural changes brought about by the eighteenth century, the English Romantics were particularly aware of how easily the world could not only change but also be destroyed. Byron, Shelley, and Blake all imagine apocalypse in different ways and as coming from radically different sources. Moreover, these poets imagine the apocalypse as being not only likely but also inevitable. For Shelley and to some measure Blake and Byron, the apocalypse will not only serve as to destroy previous political, social, and cultural orders but also usher in revolution, change, and the rebirth of civilization.
Terms of Use: The readings above are in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: Lord Byron’s “Darkness,” Percy Bysshe Shelley’s “Ozymandius of Egypt,” “The Urizen Group,” and William Blake’s “The First Book of Urizen”
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Unit 3: Mindscapes, Moods, and the Inner World
In the last unit, we attended to the Romantic poet’s figuration of the outer world; we will now turn inward, discussing not only why the innermost thoughts and feelings of the individual seemed so central to Romantic poetry, but we will also attend to the ways in which that inner life is represented and figured in language.
Unit 3 Time Advisory show close
Unit 3 Learning Outcomes show close
- 3.1 The Inner World
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3.1.1 Interiority and the Romantic Poet
- Reading: Romantic Circles Praxis Series: Dr. Theresa M. Kelley’s “Romantic Interiority and Cultural Objects”
Link: Romantic Circles Praxis Series: Dr. Theresa M. Kelley’s “Romantic Interiority and Cultural Objects”(HTML)
Instructions: Please scroll down and read the entirety of Dr. Kelley’s essay on the role of interiority in the Romantic period.
About the Link: Romantic Circles Praxis Series, an online resource dedicated to Romantic Studies, has made available online Dr. Kelley’s essay.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Romantic Circles Praxis Series: Dr. Theresa M. Kelley’s “Romantic Interiority and Cultural Objects”
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3.1.2 The Legacy of the Revolution and the Romantic Subject
- Reading: Romantic Circles Praxis Series: Dr. Betty T. Bennett’s “Introduction” to “British War Poetry in the Age of Romanticism: 1793—1815”
Link: Romantic Circles Praxis Series: Dr. Betty T. Bennett’s “Introduction” to “British War Poetry in the Age of Romanticism: 1793—1815”(HTML)
Instructions: Please scroll down and read the entirety of Dr. Bennett’s “Introduction” to Romantic Circles Praxis Series’ “British War Poetry in the Age of Romanticism: 1793—1815.”
About the Link: Romantic Circles Praxis Series has made the entirety of Dr. Bennett’s essay available online through the electronic journal’s website.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Romantic Circles Praxis Series: Dr. Betty T. Bennett’s “Introduction” to “British War Poetry in the Age of Romanticism: 1793—1815”
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3.1.3 Spontaneity and Emotion
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: Percy Bysshe Shelley’s “Hymn to Intellectual Beauty” as well as William Wordsworth’s “Lines Left Upon a Seat in a Yew Tree”
Links: The Saylor Foundation: Percy Bysshe Shelley’s “Hymn to Intellectual Beauty” (PDF) as well as William Wordsworth’s “Lines Left Upon a Seat in a Yew Tree”(PDF)
Also available in:
HTML ("Lines Left Upon a Seat in a Yew Tree")
HTML ("Hymn to Intellectual Beauty")
Google Books (Page 176) ("Hymn to Intellectual Beauty")
Instructions: Please read the entirety of both Shelley’s poem as well as the entirety of Wordsworth’s poem. In both of these poems, the authors depict the immediacy of one’s experiences in nature and life. How do you think the poems mediate and represent the spontaneity of emotional life?
About the Links: Bartleby.com, a literary database, has made available online the entirety of both Shelley’s and Wordsworth’s poems.
Terms of Use: The readings above are in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: Percy Bysshe Shelley’s “Hymn to Intellectual Beauty” as well as William Wordsworth’s “Lines Left Upon a Seat in a Yew Tree”
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3.1.4 The Concepts of Fancy and Imagination
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “Peter Bell” and the Entirety of the Poetry Archive’s version of John Clare’s “To Elia”
Links: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “Peter Bell”(HTML) and the entirety of John Clare’s “To Elia” (PDF)
Also Available in:
HTML ("Peter Bell")
HTML ("To Elia")
Instructions: Please read again the entirety of Wordsworth’s poem as well as the entirety of Clare’s poem. The “imagination” was a major topic of concern for the British Romantic poets. In what ways do these poems focus on the interiority of imagination? Why do Romantic poets tend to privilege the imagination over the intellect?
About the Links: Bartleby.com, a literary database, has made available online the entirety of Wordsworth’s poem. The Poetry Archive is an online literary database as well.
Terms of Use: The readings above are in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “Peter Bell” and the Entirety of the Poetry Archive’s version of John Clare’s “To Elia”
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3.1.5 A New Type Hero: Byronic Heroism
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: "Byronic Heroism"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "Byronic Heroism" (PDF)
Instructions: Please read the linked material.
Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (HTML). It is attributed to The Saylor Foundation.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: "Byronic Heroism"
- 3.2 “The Pleasures of Melancholy”: Dejection and the Romantic Poet
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3.2.1 The Graveyard Poets: Who Were They?
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: Gray’s “Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College” and “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”
Links: The Saylor Foundation: Gray’s “Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College” (PDF) and “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” (PDF)
Also available in:
HTML ("Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard")
HTML ("Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College")
Google Books (Page 81) ("Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College")
Instructions: Please read the entirety of Gray’s “Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College” and “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard.” Poets from this era often focused on dark, eerie, and melancholy themes and subjects. How do these poems represent melancholia? Why do English Romantics, more so than any other group of English poets, tend to focus on such seemingly dark themes and ideas?
About the Links: Bartleby.com, a literary database, has made available online Gray’s ode and elegy.
Terms of Use: The readings above are in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: Gray’s “Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College” and “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”
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3.2.2 Dejection and Solitude
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s “Dejection: An Ode” as well as Percy Bysshe Shelley’s “Stanzas Written in Dejection”
Links: The Saylor Foundation: Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s “Dejection: An Ode” (PDF) and Percy Bysshe Shelley’s “Stanzas Written in Dejection” (PDF)
Also available in:
HTML ("Dejection: An Ode")
Google Books (Page 1076) ("Dejection: An Ode")
HTML ("Stanzas Written in Dejection")
Google Books (page 221) ("Stanzas Written in Djection")
Instructions: Please read the entirety of both Coleridge’s poem and Shelley’s poem. The Romantics were obsessed with solitude and individual experience. In what ways do these poems capture these Romantic concerns?
About the Links: Bartleby.com, a literary database, has made available online the full text of both Coleridge’s and Shelley’s poem.
Terms of Use: The readings above are in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s “Dejection: An Ode” as well as Percy Bysshe Shelley’s “Stanzas Written in Dejection”
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3.2.3 Mourning and Loss
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “The Complaint of a Forsaken Indian Woman”
Link: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “The Complaint of a Forsaken Indian Woman” (PDF)
Also available in:
HTML
Google Books (Page 240)
Instructions: Please read the entirety of Wordsworth’s poem. How does this poem represent the ideas of “loss” and “mourning,” two themes that often surface in Romantic art objects?
About the Link: Bartleby.com, a literary database, has made the full text of Wordsworth’s poem available online.
Terms of Use: This reading is in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “The Complaint of a Forsaken Indian Woman”
- 3.3 Innocence, Experience, and Memory
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3.3.1 Childhood: The Romantic Poet’s Invention?
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “We Are Seven” as well as “Lines Written in Early Spring”
Links: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “We Are Seven” (PDF) and “Lines Written in Early Spring” (PDF)
Also available in:
HTML ("We are Seven")
Google Books (Page 83) ("We are Seven")
HTML ("Lines Written in Early Spring")
Google Books (Page 269) ("Lines Written in Early Spring")
Instructions: Please read the entirety of both of Wordsworth’s poems. Many of Wordsworth’s poems focus on childhood experience and the innocence and purity of children. How do these poems depict what it’s like to experience life as a young person?
About the Links: Bartleby.com, a literary database, has made available online the full text versions of both of Wordsworth’s poems.
Terms of Use: The readings above are in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “We Are Seven” as well as “Lines Written in Early Spring”
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3.3.2 Concepts of Innocence
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s “Frost at Midnight” and Anna Laetitia Barbauld’s “To the Little Invisible Being Who is Expected Soon to Become Visible”
Links: The Saylor Foundation: Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s “Frost at Midnight” (PDF) and Anna Laetitia Barbauld’s “To the Little Invisible Being Who is Expected Soon to Become Visible” (PDF)
Also available in:
HTML (Coleridge)
Google Books (Coleridge)
Audio Mp3 (Available for purchase $0.99) (Coleridge)
HTML (Barbauld)
Google Books (Barbauld)
Instructions: Please read the entirety of Coleridge’s poem as well as the entirety of Barbauld’s poem. “Innocence” was a major theme of this era’s art. How do these poems depict the “innocence” of youth?
About the Links: Romantic Circles is a website dedicated to British Romantic literature and criticism. Representative Poetry Online is an online literary database hosted by the University of Toronto.
Terms of Use: The readings above are in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s “Frost at Midnight” and Anna Laetitia Barbauld’s “To the Little Invisible Being Who is Expected Soon to Become Visible”
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3.3.3 The Language of Innocence
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “Ode: Intimations of Immortality” and Selected Poems William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience
Links: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “Ode: Intimations of Immortality” (PDF) and Selected Poems William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience (PDF)
Also available in:
HTML (Wordsworth)
Google Books (Wordsworth)
HTML (Blake)
iBooks (free) (Blake)
Instructions: Please read the entirety of Wordsworth’s ode. Please read the songs titled, "Introduction," "The Shepherd," "The Echoing Green," "The Lamb," "The Little Black Boy," "The Blossom" and "The Chimney Sweeper," from Blake’s Songs of Innocence and the songs titled, "Introduction," "Earth's Answer," "The Clod and the Pebble," "Holy Tuesday," "The Little Girl Lost," and "The Little Girl Found" from Blake’s Songs of Experience. How do Blake and Wordsworth differ from each other in terms of style and attitude?
About the Links: Bartleby.com, a literary database, has made the entirety of Wordsworth’s poem available online. Project Gutenberg, a literary database, has made the full text of Blake’s poems available online.
Terms of Use: The readings above are in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: William Wordsworth’s “Ode: Intimations of Immortality” and Selected Poems William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience
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3.3.4 Experience and Self-Formation
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: “Book Fifth” of William Wordsworth’s The Prelude, and Selected Poems from William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience
Links: The Saylor Foundation: "Book Fifth” (PDF) of William Wordsworth’s The Prelude, and Selected Poems from William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience (PDF)
Also available in:
HTML (Wordsworth)
HTML (Blake)
iBooks (free) (Blake)
Instructions: Please read the entirety of “Book Fifth” from Wordsworth’s long poem. Also, read the entirety of the songs titled, "The Little Boy Lost," "The Little Boy Found," "Laughing Song," " A Cradle Song," and "The Divine Image," from Blake’s Songs of Innocence and the songs titled, "The Chimney Sweeper," "Nurse's Song," "The Sick Rose," "The Fly," "The Angel," and "The Tiger," from Blake’s Songs of Experience. The Romantic period is often depicted as the age in which the self-authenticating individual bourgeoned and flourished. How do these poems from Wordsworth and Blake focus on the self-determining developmental subject?
About the Links: Bartleby.com, a literary database, has made available online the full text of Wordsworth’s The Prelude. Project Gutenberg, a literary database, has made available online the entirety of Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Experience.
Terms of Use: The readings above are in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: “Book Fifth” of William Wordsworth’s The Prelude, and Selected Poems from William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience
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3.3.5 The Function of Memory in the Poetry of William Wordsworth
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: “The Simplon Pass” Excerpt from William Wordsworth’s The Prelude; Dr. David S. Miall’s “The Alps Deferred: Wordsworth at the Simplon Pass”
Links: The Saylor Foundation: “The Simplon Pass” (PDF) Excerpt from William Wordsworth’s The Prelude, and Dr. David S. Miall’s “The Alps Deferred: Wordsworth at the Simplon Pass” (HTML)
Also Available in:
HTML ("The Simplon Pass")
Instructions: Please read the entirety of Wordsworth’s poem and then read the entirety of Dr. Miall’s critical essay concerning the text.
About the Links: Bartleby.com, a literary database, has made available online the full texts of Wordsworth’s poem. Dr. Miall has made his essay on the “Simplon Pass” episode available through his departmental website at the University of Alberta.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyrights and terms of use displayed on the webpages above. "The Simplon Pass" is in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: Wordsworth’s “Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey, On Revisiting the Banks of the Wye During a Tour. July 13, 1798”; and Romanticism and Victorianism on the Net: Dr. David S. Miall’s “Locating Wordsworth: ‘Tintern Abbey’ and the Community with Nature”
Links: The Saylor Foundation: Wordsworth’s “Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey, On Revisiting the Banks of the Wye During a Tour. July 13, 1798” (PDF); Romanticism and Victorianism on the Net: Dr. David S. Miall’s “Locating Wordsworth: ‘Tintern Abbey’ and the Community with Nature” (HTML)
Also Available in:
HTML (Wordsworth)
Instructions: Please read the entirety of Wordsworth’s poem and then read the entirety of Dr. Miall’s critical essay concerning the text. In “Tintern Abbey,” how does Wordsworth’s narrator conceptualize the difference between his contemporary self and past self? What psychological changes has he undergone since he last visited the banks of the Wye?
About the Links: Bartleby.com, a literary database, has made available online the full text of Wordsworth’s poem. Romanticism and Victorianism on the Net, an online journal dedicated to British 19th-century studies, has published Dr. Miall’s essay on Wordsworth’s “Tintern Abbey.”
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyrights and terms of use displayed on the webpages above. “Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey, On Revisiting the Banks of the Wye During a Tour. July 13, 1798” is in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: “The Simplon Pass” Excerpt from William Wordsworth’s The Prelude; Dr. David S. Miall’s “The Alps Deferred: Wordsworth at the Simplon Pass”
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3.3.6 Love, Death, and Art: The Odes of John Keats
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: John Keats' "Ode on a Grecian Urn," "Ode to a nightingale" and "Ode to Psyche"; and Dr. David Collings' "Suspended Satisfaction 'Ode on a Grecian Urn' and the Construction of Art"
Links: The Saylor Foundation: John Keats' "Ode on a Grecian Urn" (PDF) "Ode to a Nightingale" (PDF)and "Ode to Psyche" (PDF); and Dr. David Collings' "Suspended Satisfation 'Ode on a Grecian Um" and the Construction of Art" (PDF)
Also Available in:
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HTML ("Ode to a Nightingale")
HTML ("Ode to Psyche")
HTML ("Suspended Satisfaction")
Instructions: Please read the entirety of Keats' "Ode on a Grecian Urn," "Ode to a Nightingale" and "Ode to Psyche." Also, please read Dr. David Collings' "Suspended Satisfaction 'Ode on a Grecian Urn' and the Construction of Art" in its entirety.
In "Ode on a Grecian Urn," what does Keats suggest about the nature of art and time? In "Ode to a Nightingale," what does the nightingale serve to symbolize? In what ways do the three odes comment upon similar themes and ideas?
Notes on the texts: John Keats' odes are considered to be among the finest English odes ever written, not to mention some of the most psychologically complex and insightful peoms from the entire English Romantic movement. These three odes are from a sequence of six odes that Keats wrote in 1819.
Terms of Use: The three odes by John Keats are in the public domain. "Suspended Satisfaction 'Ode on a Grecian Urn' and the Construction of Art" has been reposted by the kind permission of Dr. David Collings, and can be viewed in its original form here. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: John Keats' "Ode on a Grecian Urn," "Ode to a nightingale" and "Ode to Psyche"; and Dr. David Collings' "Suspended Satisfaction 'Ode on a Grecian Urn' and the Construction of Art"
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Unit 4: The Romantic Craft: Poesis, Innovation, and Experiment
In this unit, we will take a look at what it meant to be a writing subject in the Romantic period, examining notions of authorship, poesis, and tradition. We will consider with particular care the poet’s sense of his own role in society—something that we may find rather unfamiliar when compared to today’s understanding of the poetic craft as a less-than-urgent art form.
Unit 4 Time Advisory show close
Unit 4 Learning Outcomes show close
- 4.1 The Figure of the Romantic Poet
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4.1.1 Poet as Average Man
- Reading: Romantic Circles Praxis Series: Dr. Elizabeth Fay’s “Wordsworth’s Balladry: Real Men Wanted”
Link: Romantic Circles Praxis Series: Dr. Elizabeth Fay’s “Wordsworth’s Balladry: Real Men Wanted” (HTML)
Instructions: Please scroll down and read the entirety of Dr. Fay’s essay from Romantic Circles Praxis Series.
About the Link: Dr. Fay’s essay was published by Romantic Circles Praxis Series, an online journal and website dedicated to Romantic studies.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Romantic Circles Praxis Series: Dr. Elizabeth Fay’s “Wordsworth’s Balladry: Real Men Wanted”
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4.1.2 Poet as Spokesperson for a Nation
- Reading: Romantic Circles Praxis Series: Dr. Samuel Gladden’s “Shelley’s Agenda Writ Large: Reconsidering Oedipus Tyrannus; or, Swellfoot the Tyrant”
Link: Romantic Circles Praxis Series: Dr. Samuel Gladden’s “Shelley’s Agenda Writ Large: Reconsidering Oedipus Tyrannus; or, Swellfoot the Tyrant”(HTML)
Instructions: Please scroll down and read the entirety of Dr. Gladden’s essay from Romantic Circles Praxis Series.
About the Link: Dr. Gladden’s essay was published by Romantic Circles Praxis Series, an online journal and website dedicated to Romantic studies.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Romantic Circles Praxis Series: Dr. Samuel Gladden’s “Shelley’s Agenda Writ Large: Reconsidering Oedipus Tyrannus; or, Swellfoot the Tyrant”
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4.1.3 Poet as a Revolutionary
- Reading: Guradian.co.uk: Paul O’Brien’s “Prophet of the Revolution”
Link: Guradian.co.uk: Paul O’Brien’s “Prophet of the Revolution”(HTML)
Instructions: Please scroll down and read the entirety of O’Brien’s piece on Shelley and revolution, as published in The Guardian.
About the Link: The Guardian newspaper, of which guardian.co.uk is its online presence, was founded in 1821 and has a long history of editorial and political independence.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Guradian.co.uk: Paul O’Brien’s “Prophet of the Revolution”
- 4.2 Poesis (the Creation of Poetry)
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4.2.1 “The Spontaneous Overflow of Powerful Feelings”: Art as an Inward Illumination Rather than an Imitation of Life
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: William Hazlitt's "On Poetry in General"
Link: The Saylor Foundation: William Hazlitt's "On Poetry in General" (PDF)
Instructions: Please read the excerpt above in its entirety.
Terms of Use: The material above is in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: William Hazlitt's "On Poetry in General"
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4.2.2 Inspiration and Intuition
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: Percy Bysshe Shelley’s A Defence of Poetry
Link: The Saylor Foundation: Percy Bysshe Shelley’s “A Defence of Poetry" (PDF)
Also available in:
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Google Books
iBooks (free)
Instructions: Please read the entirety of Shelley’s essay. In this essay, Shelley explains the function and importance of poetry and thus provides his “defense” of the genre. He argues that the poet cannot simply say “I will write a poem”; he must be inspired by something external and transformative. What does Shelley mean when he states that "poets are the unachknowledged legislators of the world"? What does that statement suggest about the true social, political, and cultural power of artists?
About the Link: Bartleby.com, a literary database, has made available the full text of Shelley’s essay.
Terms of Use: This reading is in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: Percy Bysshe Shelley’s A Defence of Poetry
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4.2.3 Writer’s Block and the Romantic Poet
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: Excerpts from William Wordsworth’s The Prelude
Link: The Saylor Foundation: Excerpts from William Wordsworth’s The Prelude (PDF)
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Instructions: Please review the first three stanzas from “Book First” of Wordsworth’s long poem. In these stanzas, the poet describes the ways in which, though inspired to write his magnum opus, he feels overwhelmed by this poetic project. What words, lines, and phrases depict Wordsworth’s concerns about his “writer’s block”?
About the Link: Bartleby.com, a literary database, has made the full text of Wordsworth’s poem available online.
Terms of Use: This reading is in the public domain.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Saylor Foundation: Excerpts from William Wordsworth’s The Prelude
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4.2.4 The Imagination as the Primary Creative Faculty
- Reading: Romanticism and Victorianism on the Net: Dr. Duncan Wu’s “Tautology and Imaginative Vision in Wordsworth”
Link: Romanticism and Victorianism on the Net: Dr. Duncan Wu’s “Tautology and Imaginative Vision in Wordsworth”(HTML)
Instructions: Please scroll down and read the entirety of Dr. Wu’s essay, published by Romanticism and Victorianism on the Net.
About the Link: Romanticism and Victorianism on the Net is an online journal dedicated to British Romantic studies.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Romanticism and Victorianism on the Net: Dr. Duncan Wu’s “Tautology and Imaginative Vision in Wordsworth”
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Final Exam
- Final Exam: The Saylor Foundation's ENGL404 Final Exam
Link: The Saylor Foundation's ENGL404 Final Exam
Instructions: You must be logged into your Saylor Foundation School account in order to access this exam. If you do not yet have an account, you will be able to create one, free of charge, after clicking the link.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Final Exam: The Saylor Foundation's ENGL404 Final Exam
Questions? Consult the FAQ's!

