Introduction to Molecular and Cellular Biology
Purpose of Course showclose
Course Information showclose
Welcome to PSYCH203/BIO101A. Below, please find general information on this course and its requirements.
Course Designers: Liang Wang and Johanna Choo
Primary Resources: This course is comprised of a range of different free, online materials. However, the course makes primary use of the following materials:
- National Institutes of Health: Geoffrey Cooper, et al.’s The Cell
- YouTube: Saylor Foundation General Biology Lectures
- National Institutes of Health: Harvey Lodish and Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology
- National Institutes of Health: Jeremy Berg and John Tymoczko, et al.’s Biochemistry
- National Institutes of Health: Bruce Alberts and Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell
- McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Seeley, Stephens, and Tate’s Anatomy & Physiology, 7e
- University of California, Davis’ ChemiWiki: The Dynamic Chemistry Textbook
Requirements for Completion: In order to complete this course, you will have to review the material from all units (1-8). You will also be required to complete:
- Unit 1 Quiz
- Subunit 1.4 Problem Based Learning Assignment
- Unit 2 Quiz
- Subunit 2.7 Problem Based Learning Assignment
- Unit 3 Quiz
- Unit 4 Quiz
- Subunit 4.7 Problem Based Learning Assignment
- Unit 5 Quiz
- Unit 6 Quiz
- Subunit 6.4 Problem Based Learning Assignment
- Unit 7 Quiz
- Unit 8 Quiz
- The Final Exam
Note that you will only receive an official grade on your Final Exam. However, in order to adequately prepare for this exam, you will need to work through the required assignments listed above. In order to “pass” this course, you will need to earn a 70% or higher on the Final Exam. Your score on the exam will be tabulated as soon as you complete it. If you do not pass the exam, you may take it again.
Time Commitment: This course should take you a total of 111 hours to complete. Each unit includes a “time advisory” that lists the amount of time you are expected to spend on each subunit. These should help you plan your time accordingly. It may be useful to take a look at these time advisories and to determine how much time you have over the next few weeks to complete each unit, and then to set goals for yourself. For example, Unit 1 should take you about 7 hours. Perhaps you can sit down with your calendar and decide to complete subunits 1.1 and 1.2 (a total of 1.5 hours) on Monday night; subunit 1.3 (a total of 3 hours) on Tuesday night; subunit 1.4 (a total of 2.5 hours) on Wednesday night; etc.
Tips/Suggestions: For more information on the topics covered in this course, please refer to BIO101B. As you read or watch the lectures, it may be helpful to take notes. It has been found that the physical act of writing helps a student retain material. These notes can also act as a study guide for the Final Exam.
Learning Outcomes showclose
- Describe in general terms how life began on Earth.
- Identify early scientists that played important roles in furthering our understanding of cellular life.
- Describe the characteristics that define life.
- List the inorganic and organic molecules that are necessary for life.
- List the structure and function of organelles in animal and plant cells.
- List the similarities and differences between animal and plant cells.
- Describe the reactions in photosynthesis.
- Explain how the different photosynthetic reactions are found in different parts of the chloroplast.
- Describe the sequence of photosynthetic reactions.
- Explain the use of products and the synthesis of reactants in photosynthesis.
- Explain how protein is synthesized in eukaryotic cells.
- Describe the similarities and differences between photosynthesis and aerobic respiration.
- List the reactions in aerobic respiration.
- Explain the use of products and the synthesis of reactants in aerobic respiration.
- Describe the similarities and differences between anaerobic and aerobic respiration.
Course Requirements showclose
√ Have access to a computer.
√ Have continuous broadband Internet access.
√ Have the ability/permission to install plug-ins or software (e.g. Adobe Reader or Flash)
√ Have the ability to download and save files and documents to a computer.
√ Have the ability to open Microsoft files and documents (.doc, .ppt, .xls, etc.).
Have competency in the English language.
√ Have read the Saylor Student Handbook.
Unit Outline show close
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Unit 1: Biology and Life

This unit will provide you with some background information on what biology has meant to people over time, from early Greek philosophers to the scientists that laid the foundation for modern biology. We will also discuss the characteristics that define life in an organism.
Unit 1 Time Advisory show close
Unit 1 Learning Outcomes show close
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1.1 Spontaneous Generation
- Web Media: YouTube: EvolutionVsCreation's "Evolution: The Grand Experiment’s Spontaneous Generation"
Link: YouTube: EvolutionVsCreation's "Evolution: The Grand Experiment’s Spontaneous Generation" (YouTube)
Instructions: Please watch this brief, 2-minute video. This video clip will introduce the concept of spontaneous generation and show some experiments for and against its validity.
The video describes how early scientists mistakenly thought life spontaneously appeared from non-living things. The video’s underlying message also points out how the process of scientific discovery involves trial and error, allowing later, correct interpretations of the world to replace earlier, scientific misconceptions or errors.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: YouTube: EvolutionVsCreation's "Evolution: The Grand Experiment’s Spontaneous Generation"
- 1.2 Early Science and Biology
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1.2.1 The Scientific Method
- Web Media: YouTube: CHS’s "Biology – The Scientific Method"
Link: YouTube: CHS’s "Biology – The Scientific Method" (YouTube)
Instructions: Please view this 6:30-minute video. This video clip will provide a more in depth look at the scientific method from a biology point of view. Be sure to take notes on all the terms the presenter introduces.
Terms of Use: The linked material above has been reposted by the kind permission of Greg Green from Clintondale Community Schools, and can be viewed in its original form here. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: YouTube: CHS’s "Biology – The Scientific Method"
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1.2.2 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
- Reading: Arizona State University’s The Embryo Project Encyclopedia: “Antoni van Leeuwenhoek”
Link: Arizona State University’s The Embryo Project Encyclopedia: “Antoni van Leeuwenhoek” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this biography of Leeuwenhoek to understand the life of this famous scientist and his important contributions to biology.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.The Saylor Foundation does not yet have materials for this portion of the course. If you are interested in contributing your content to fill this gap or aware of a resource that could be used here, please submit it here.
- Web Media: YouTube: ajcann's "Microbiology Bytes: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek"
Link: YouTube: ajcann's "Microbiology Bytes: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek" (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch this 4-minute video clip about the life and work of Leeuwenhoek. Be sure to take notes in this video lecture.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Arizona State University’s The Embryo Project Encyclopedia: “Antoni van Leeuwenhoek”
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1.2.3 Louis Pasteur
- Reading: BBC: “Historic Figures – Louis Pasteur”
Link: BBC: “Historic Figures – Louis Pasteur” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this entry to learn about Pasteur and the importance of his work to advance biology and the idea of germ theory. Read any milk carton label and you will come face-to-face with Pasteur’s legacy. See it? The label should read “pasteurized milk,” referencing Pasteur’s discovery about how heat kills the organisms that spoil food.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Zephyrus Education’s Louis Pasteur
Link: Zephyrus Education’s Louis Pasteur (HTML)
Instructions: Read this article to understand Pasteur’s contributions towards vaccines and disease prevention.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: BBC: “Historic Figures – Louis Pasteur”
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1.3 Biological Characteristics of Life
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1.3.1 Homeostasis
- Lecture: YouTube: Slackerbiz’s “Homeostasis Lecture”
Link: YouTube: Slackerbiz’s "Homeostasis Lecture" (YouTube)
Instructions: Please view this brief video (approximately 2:30 minutes). This video lecture will teach you all you need to know about homeostasis. Be sure to know all of the feedback mechanisms.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Wikipedia’s Article on Human Homeostasis
Link: Wikipedia’s Article on Human Homeostasis (PDF)
Instructions: Please read this article to learn about the homeostasis of the human body. Be sure to take notes on individual topics, such as pH and body temperature.
Terms of Use: The article above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0 (HTML). You can find the original Wikipedia version of this article here (HTML).See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: YouTube: Slackerbiz’s “Homeostasis Lecture”
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1.3.2 Organization
- Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College’s On-Line Biology Book: “Introduction: The Nature of Science and Biology”
Link: Estrella Mountain Community College’s On-Line Biology Book: “Introduction: The Nature of Science and Biology" (HTML)
Also available in:
PDF as "Where Do We Fit In?"
Instructions: Please read the entire chapter of Estrella Mountain Community College’s On-Line Biology Book. This page will help you understand the main levels of organization in biology, from largest to smallest. To view in PDF format, please follow the "PDF" link above; select the link beside COS Objective 5, "Where Do We Fit In?"
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College’s On-Line Biology Book: “Introduction: The Nature of Science and Biology”
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1.3.3 Metabolism
- Web Media: Montgomery Community College: Professor Sniezek’s PowerPoint Slides on Metabolism
Link: Montgomery Community College: Professor Sniezek’s PowerPoint slides on Metabolism (PowerPoint)
Also available in:
PDF
Instructions: Click on the link for chapter 8 (titled Chapter 8.ppt) to download the PowerPoint lecture. Read through this PowerPoint Lecture to learn about metabolism and its components.
Note that metabolism involves many enzymes. Also, energy generated from metabolism is transferred to ATP, the currency of cells’ energy, which is then used to transfer energy from one place to another.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: Montgomery Community College: Professor Sniezek’s PowerPoint Slides on Metabolism
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1.3.4 Growth
- Reading: Queen’s University Belfast’s “Basic Cancer Course: Growth”
Link: Queen’s University Belfast’s “Basic Cancer Course: Growth” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this page. Be sure to click the links to “organismal growth,” “morphogenesis,” and “differentiation” to learn about the how growth occurs at all levels from cell, to organ, to whole organism. You do not need to follow any of the other links.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Queen’s University Belfast’s “Basic Cancer Course: Growth”
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1.3.5 Adaptation and Evolution
- Web Media: Tennessee State University: Professor Dafeng Hui’s "Adaptation and Evolution”
Link: Tennessee State University: Professor Dafeng Hui’s "Adaptation and Evolution" (PowerPoint)
Instructions: Please find and download Lecture 2. This PowerPoint lecture explains all you need to know about adaptation and evolution.
Terms of Use: The linked material above has been reposted by the kind permission of Professor Dafeng Hui, and can be viewed in its original form here. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Introduction to Evolution and Natural Selection”
Link: Khan Academy’s “Introduction to Evolution and Natural Selection” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please click on the link above, and watch the lecture in its entirety (18 minutes) for an introduction to the evolution and natural selection.
Viewing the lecture and note-taking should take approximately 25-30 minutes to complete.
Terms of Use: Terms of Use: This video is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike United States License 3.0. It is attributed to the Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: Tennessee State University: Professor Dafeng Hui’s "Adaptation and Evolution”
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1.3.6 Response to Environment
- Web Media: YouTube: Michael Sullivan, Brett M. Warner, and Nicholas Hood’s “Response to Stimuli”
Link: YouTube: Michael Sullivan, Brett M. Warner, and Nicholas Hood’s “Response to Stimuli” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch the short video (2:53 minutes) on response to stimuli, a primary characteristic of life. Response to stimuli can be behavioral (as seen in this video) or physiological in nature. For example, a person can move into the shade, if they are too hot (behavior), but they may begin sweating (physiological).
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: YouTube: Michael Sullivan, Brett M. Warner, and Nicholas Hood’s “Response to Stimuli”
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1.3.7 Reproduction
- Reading: Science Unleashed’s Introduction to Reproduction
Link: Science Unleashed’s Introduction to Reproduction (PDF)
Instructions: In the notes section, find and download the PDF file named “Introduction to Reproduction.” Read these notes (3 pages) for a good overview of reproduction.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Science Unleashed’s Introduction to Reproduction
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1.4 Problem Based Learning Assessment
- Assessment: WSBCTC’s "Problem Set 1"
Link: WSBCTC’s "Problem Set 1" (PDF)
Instructions: Please complete the linked assessment. When you have finished, check your work against The Saylor Foundation's "Answer Key to Problem Set 1."See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Assessment: WSBCTC’s "Problem Set 1"
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Unit 1 Quiz
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 1 Quiz"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 1 Quiz" (PDF)
Instructions: Please answer the questions on this short quiz. When you are finished, compare your answers to The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 1 Quiz Answers." (PDF)See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 1 Quiz"
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Unit 2: Basic Molecules
Molecules are the basic particles that make up both living and non-living things. They are comprised of atoms joined together in bonds. Some molecules are quite small, such as water; others, such as protein molecules, are several thousand times the size of a water molecule. In this unit, we will study the major classes of molecules that enable life to exist. Although it may seem strange to think of it in this way, life at its most fundamental level consists of a series of reactions involving these molecules. For this reason, you must understand molecules and molecular behavior in order to understand modern biology. (Note that you may opt to study molecules in greater detail in the biochemistry course.)
Unit 2 Time Advisory show close
Unit 2 Learning Outcomes show close
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2.1 Water
- Reading: Michael J. Farabee’s “Chemistry II: Water and Organic Molecules”
Link: Michael J. Farabee’s “Chemistry II: Water and Organic Molecules” (HTML)
Instructions: Read the information pertaining to the “structure of water” within the chapter. It identifies the characteristics of water that make it the most vital molecule for life.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Kei Hau School’s “Importance of Water"
Link: Kei Hau School’s “Importance of Water” (HTML)
Instructions: Read and understand this table. It identifies the characteristics of water that make it the most vital molecule for life.
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- Reading: Michael J. Farabee’s “Chemistry II: Water and Organic Molecules”
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2.2 Carbohydrates
- Lecture: YouTube: UC Berkeley: Professor Gary Firestone et al’s General Biology Lecture 2
Link: YouTube: UC Berkeley: Professor Gary Firestone et al’s General Biology Lecture 2 (YouTube)
Also available in:
iTunes U video and iTunes U audio
Instructions: Watch the time period from 2:50 to 13:10 to learn about carbohydrates, and be sure to take good notes. This lecture provides an overview for sub-subunits 2.2.1 through 2.2.4.
Terms of Use: The above video is reposted from the University of California – Berkeley’s Webcast.Berkeley. This video is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: "Carbohydrates"
Link: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: "Carbohydrates" (PDF)
Instructions: Read through this webpage to get a good introduction to the carbohydrates unit. This reading applies to material in sub-subunits 2.2.1 through 2.2.4.
Terms of Use: The linked material above has been reposted by the kind permission of Professor John W. Kimball, and can be viewed in its original form here. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: University of California, Davis’s “Carbohydrates”
Link: University of California, Davis’s “Carbohydrates” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this article on carbohydrates. This reading applies to subunits 2.2.1 through 2.2.2.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: YouTube: UC Berkeley: Professor Gary Firestone et al’s General Biology Lecture 2
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2.2.1 Monosaccharides
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s “Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “Sugars Provide an Energy Source for Cells and Are the Subunits of Polysaccharides”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “Sugars Provide an Energy Source for Cells and Are the Subunits of Polysaccharides” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this section to learn about monosaccharides. Also, take a look at the figures in this section. Glucose, the most common form of monosaccharide, is necessary for life. Essentially all the food that you eat breaks down into glucose. If your body does not obtain enough of it from food, then it will break down your muscle and fat and then convert it to glucose.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s “Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “Sugars Provide an Energy Source for Cells and Are the Subunits of Polysaccharides”
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2.2.2 Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
- Reading: University of California, Davis’ ChemWiki: “Carbohydrate Classification”
Link: University of California, Davis’ ChemWiki: “Carbohydrate Classification” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this article, paying close attention to the figures for examples of disaccharides and polysaccharides
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: University of California, Davis’ ChemWiki: “Carbohydrate Classification”
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2.2.3 Glycosidic Bonds
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “? and ? Glycosidic Bonds Link Monosaccharides”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “α and β Glycosidic Bonds Link Monosaccharides” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read the entirety of the above text. A glycosidic linkage is simply a bond that joins one monosaccharide to another monosaccharide. Though there are two basic types of glycosidic linkages, our bodies can only break down one type. This limited ability explains why we can eat bread (one type of linkage) but not paper (the other type of linkage).
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “? and ? Glycosidic Bonds Link Monosaccharides”
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2.3 Proteins
- Lecture: MIT: Prof. Robert A. Weinberg’s Introduction to Biology
Links: MIT: Prof. Robert A. Weinberg’s “Lecture 3: Introduction to Biology” (Adobe Flash)
Also available in MP3, iTunes U, HTML and PDF Transcript, YouTube
Instructions: Listen, read the transcript, and take notes on this lecture from 3:28 and 46:21 minutes. This will introduce to you all you need to know about proteins. The lecture covers subunits 2.3.1 through 2.3.3.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s “The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Proteins”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Proteins”(HTML)
Instructions: Please read the section on proteins. It covers subunits 2.3.1 through 2.3.3.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: MIT: Prof. Robert A. Weinberg’s Introduction to Biology
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2.3.1 Proteins
- Web Media: Open University’s “The Importance of Proteins”
Links: Open University’s “The Importance of Proteins” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read the information in sections 1.3 through 1.6.4 in the above resource. Also complete the activities throughout the resource. Portions of this resource also apply to subunit 2.3.2 and 2.3.3.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage aboveSee a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: Open University’s “The Importance of Proteins”
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2.3.2 Amino Acids
- Reading: University of Arizona: The Biology Project’s “Biochemistry: The Basic Structure of an Amino Acid” and “Biochemistry: The Chemistry of Amino Acids”
Links: University of Arizona: The Biology Project’s “Biochemistry: The Basic Structure of an Amino Acid” and “Biochemistry: The Chemistry of Amino Acids” (HTML)
Instructions: Study the information at the University of Arizona Biochemistry site to understand the basic structure found in all amino acids. Then, go to the second webpage and click on each of the 20 amino acids on the right margin to learn about their structure and properties. All life on Earth contains proteins built from the 20 amino acids molecules. The unique properties of each of these amino acids and the protein polypeptides formed from their combinations create the diversity of protein macromolecules. In turn, the diverse protein macromolecules form enzymes, tissues, organs and organ systems found in all living things.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: University of Arizona: The Biology Project’s “Biochemistry: The Basic Structure of an Amino Acid” and “Biochemistry: The Chemistry of Amino Acids”
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2.3.3 Protein Structure
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “Four Levels of Structure Determine the Shape of Proteins”
Link: National Institutes of Health: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “Four Levels of Structure Determine the Shape of Proteins”(HTML)
Instructions: Please read this resource to understand more about the four levels of protein structure in detail.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “Four Levels of Structure Determine the Shape of Proteins”
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2.4 Lipids
- Lecture: YouTube: UC Berkeley: Professor Gary Firestone’s General Biology Lecture 2
Link: YouTube: UC Berkeley: Professor Gary Firestone’s General Biology Lecture 2 (YouTube)
Also available in iTunes U video, iTunes U audio.
Instructions: Watch from 13:10 to 30:25 minutes to learn about lipids.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above. This lecture covers subunits 2.4.1 through 2.4.5.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Lipids”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Lipids” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this subsection, covering subunits 2.4.1 through 2.4.5, to get a good overview of lipids.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: YouTube: UC Berkeley: Professor Gary Firestone’s General Biology Lecture 2
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2.4.1 Triglycerides
- Reading: University of California, Davis’s “Triglycerides
Link: University of California, Davis’s “Triglycerides” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this article on triglycerides and why they are necessary for life.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: University of California, Davis’s “Triglycerides
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2.4.2 Saturated Fats
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Jeremy Berg, John Tymoczko, et al.’s Biochemistry, 5e: “Fatty Acids Are Key Constituents of Lipids”
Links: Jeremy Berg, John Tymoczko, et al.’s Biochemistry, 5e: “Fatty Acids Are Key Constituents of Lipids” (HTML)
Also available in Google Books (eText)
Instructions: Read this section to learn about saturated and unsaturated fats. This section covers sub-subunits 2.4.2 and 2.4.3.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage aboveSee a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Jeremy Berg, John Tymoczko, et al.’s Biochemistry, 5e: “Fatty Acids Are Key Constituents of Lipids”
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2.4.3 Polyunsaturated and Monounsaturated Fats
Note: This topic is covered by the reading within sub-subunit 2.4.2. Monounsaturated fats are addressed in section 12.2.1 within the resource and polyunsaturated fats are discussed in section 12.2.2 within the resource.
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2.4.4 Phospholipids
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Jeremy Berg, John Tymoczko, et al.’s Biochemistry, 5e: “Phospholipids Are the Major Class of Membrane Lipids”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Jeremy Berg, John Tymoczko, et al.’s Biochemistry, 5e:“Phospholipids Are the Major Class of Membrane Lipids” (HTML)
Also available in Google Books (eText)
Instructions: Please read this section to learn why phospholipids are crucial to cells.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Jeremy Berg, John Tymoczko, et al.’s Biochemistry, 5e: “Phospholipids Are the Major Class of Membrane Lipids”
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2.4.5 Steroids
- Reading: University of California, Davis’ ChemWiki: “Steroids”
Link: University of California, Davis’ ChemiWiki: “Steroids” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this entire article on steroids and why they are necessary for life.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: University of California, Davis’ ChemWiki: “Steroids”
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2.5 Nucleic Acids
- Lecture: YouTube: UC Berkeley: Professor Gary Firestone et al’s General Biology Lecture 2
Link: YouTube: UC Berkeley: Professor Gary Firestone et al’s General Biology Lecture 2 (YouTube)
Also available in:
iTunes U video and iTunes U audio
Instructions: Watch the time period from 47:05 minutes to the end to learn about nucleic acids. This lecture covers subunits 2.5.1 – 2.5.3
Terms of Use: The above video is reposted from the University of California – Berkeley’s Webcast.Berkeley. This video is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Nucleic Acids”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Nucleic Acids” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this section for a good introduction to nucleic acids. It covers subunits 2.5.1-2.5.3
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: YouTube: UC Berkeley: Professor Gary Firestone et al’s General Biology Lecture 2
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2.5.1 Nucleotides
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Jeremy Berg, John Tymoczko, et al.’s Biochemistry, 5e: “Nucleotides Are the Monomeric Units of Nucleic Acids”
Links: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Jeremy Berg, John Tymoczko, et al.’s Biochemistry, 5e: “Nucleotides Are the Monomeric Units of Nucleic Acids”(HTML)
Also available in Google Books (eText)
Instructions: Please read this section to learn about nucleotides as the unit base for nucleic acids.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Wikipedia’s Nucleotides Diagram
Link: Wikipedia’s Nucleotides Diagram (HTML)
Instructions: This diagram will help you understand the distinctions between a base, a nucleotide, and a nucleoside, which can be confusing for a student first learning about biology.
Terms of Use: The article above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0 (HTML). You can find the original Wikipedia version of this article here (HTML).See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Jeremy Berg, John Tymoczko, et al.’s Biochemistry, 5e: “Nucleotides Are the Monomeric Units of Nucleic Acids”
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2.5.2 DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “The Structure and Function of DNA”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Bruce Alberts and Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “The Structure and Function of DNA” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this section to learn about DNA and what it means when we call it the life’s informational molecule.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “DNA”
Link: Khan Academy’s “DNA” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please click on the link above, and watch the lecture in its entirety (28 minutes) for an introduction to DNA.
Viewing this lecture and note-taking should take approximately 30-35 minutes to complete.
Terms of Use: This video is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike United States License 3.0. It is attributed to the Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “The Structure and Function of DNA”
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2.5.3 RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Anthony Griffiths, William Gelbart, et al.’s Modern Genetic Analysis: “Genes and RNA”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Anthony Griffiths and William Gelbart, et al.’s Modern Genetic Analysis: “Genes and RNA” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this entire page to learn about the types of RNA and their functions.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Anthony Griffiths, William Gelbart, et al.’s Modern Genetic Analysis: “Genes and RNA”
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2.6 ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Jeremy Berg, John Tymoczko, et al.’s Biochemistry, 5e: “ATP Is the Universal Currency of Free Energy in Biological Systems”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Jeremy Berg, John Tymoczko, et al.’s Biochemistry, 5e: “ATP Is the Universal Currency of Free Energy in Biological Systems” (HTML)
Also available in Google Books (eText)
Instructions: Read this section to understand the importance of ATP—energy’s essential biomolecule. When phosphate is added to AMP (adenosine monophosphate) it forms ADP (adenosine diphosphate), and, when phosphate is added to that, ATP forms (adenosine triphosphate). The energy carried by these molecules are ATP > ADP > AMP. ATP is the main energy carrier inside cells.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate”
Link: Khan Academy’s “ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please click on the link above, and watch the lecture in its entirety (14 minutes) for an introduction to ATP.
Viewing this lecture and note-taking should take approximately 15-20 minutes to complete.
Terms of Use: This video is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike United States License 3.0. It is attributed to the Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Jeremy Berg, John Tymoczko, et al.’s Biochemistry, 5e: “ATP Is the Universal Currency of Free Energy in Biological Systems”
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2.7 Problem Based Learning Assessment
- Assessment: WSBCTC’s "Problem Set 2"
Link: WSBCTC’s “Problem Set 2” (PDF)
Instructions: Please complete the linked assessment. When you have finished, check your work against The Saylor Foundation's "Answer Key to Problem Set 2." (PDF)See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Assessment: WSBCTC’s "Problem Set 2"
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Unit 2 Quiz
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 2 Quiz"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 2 Quiz" (PDF)
Instructions: Please answer the questions on this short quiz. When you are finished, compare your answers to The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 2 Quiz Answers." (PDF)See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 2 Quiz"
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Unit 3: Cells
Modern cell theory states that the cell is smallest unit of life. In other words, the cell is the smallest thing that contains the molecules we just learned about and is considered to be alive. Some forms of life—like bacteria—consist of just one cell, while others—like humans—are made up of trillions of cells. There are three main types of cells: prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and plant cells. Each has its own distinct characteristics. All bacteria, for example, are prokaryotes, while most animal cells are eukaryotes. Scientists have identified and studied many of these differences and, in the process, learned how to design drugs (such as antibiotics) that will target only prokaryotes in case of infection. (Note: If interested, you may choose to study cell biology in greater detail in BIO301: Cell Biology.)
Unit 3 Time Advisory show close
Unit 3 Learning Outcomes show close
- Lecture: YouTube: UC Berkeley: Professor Gary Firestone et al.’s “General Biology Lecture 3: Cell Structure,” “General Biology Lecture 4: Biological Polymers,” and “General Biology Lecture 5: Biological Membranes”
Links: YouTube: UC Berkeley: Professor Gary Firestone et al.’s General Biology “General Biology Lecture 3: Cell Structure,” “General Biology Lecture 4: Biological Polymers,” and “General Biology Lecture 5: Biological Membranes” (YouTube)
Also available in:
iTunes U Video Lecture 3, Lecture 4, Lecture 5
iTunes U Audio Lecture 3, Lecture 4, Lecture 5
Instructions: Watch these video lectures in their entirety (approximately 50 minutes each) to learn about the cell and its components.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: YouTube: UC Berkeley: Professor Gary Firestone et al.’s “General Biology Lecture 3: Cell Structure,” “General Biology Lecture 4: Biological Polymers,” and “General Biology Lecture 5: Biological Membranes”
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3.1 Modern Cell Theory and Exceptions
- Reading: William Turner’s “The Cell Theory: Past and Present”
Link: William Turner’s “The Cell Theory: Past and Present” (HTML)
Instructions: Click on “complete article” to understand the details of the history of cell theory and modern cell theory.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: William Turner’s “The Cell Theory: Past and Present”
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3.2 Types of Cells
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3.2.1 Prokaryotes
- Web Media: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: “Bacteria” and “Archaea”
Link: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: “Bacteria” and “Archaea” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this article on the prokaryote Bacteria, noting the properties and classifications of these organisms. Then, read this article on the prokaryote Archaea, noting the unique characteristics of these organisms.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Bacteria”
Link: Khan Academy’s “Bacteria” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please click on the link above, and watch the lecture in its entirety (19 minutes) for an introduction to bacteria.
Viewing this lecture and note-taking should take approximately 25-30 minutes to complete.
Terms of Use: This video is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike United States License 3.0. It is attributed to the Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: “Bacteria” and “Archaea”
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3.2.2 Eukaryotes
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Eukaryotic Cells”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Eukaryotic Cells”(HTML)
Instructions: Read this section on eukaryotic cells. In particular, be sure to understand the characteristics (i.e. the presence of absence of organelles, nuclei, and cell walls) that distinguish eukaryotes from prokaryotes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Eukaryotic Cells”
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3.2.3 Plant Cells
- Reading: Hartnell College “Cell Structure and Function Tutorial”
Link: Hartnell College “Cell Structure and Function Tutorial” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read the resource for an overview of plant cells and how they compare to other eukaryotes. Use the interactive animation in section 2 to understand the structure of plant cells.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Hartnell College “Cell Structure and Function Tutorial”
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3.3 Basic Cell Structures
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Parts of a Cell”
Link: Khan Academy’s “Parts of a Cell” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please click on the link above, and watch the lecture in its entirety (21 minutes) for an introduction to cell structures.
Viewing this lecture and note-taking should take approximately 25-30 minutes to complete.
Terms of Use: This video is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike United States License 3.0. It is attributed to the Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Parts of a Cell”
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3.3.1 Cell Membrane
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Cell Membranes”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Cell Membranes” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read the entire page to understand cell membranes and how they work.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Cell Membranes”
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3.3.2 Channels and Carriers
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Facilitated Diffusion and Carrier Proteins and Ion Channels”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Facilitated Diffusion and Carrier Proteins and Ion Channels” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this section and the next section on ion channels to learn about the two main types of transport mechanisms.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Facilitated Diffusion and Carrier Proteins and Ion Channels”
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3.3.3 Glycocalyx
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Glycocalyx”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Glycocalyx” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this brief section to learn what the glycocalyx is and why it is important for cell membranes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Glycocalyx”
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3.3.4 Cytoplasm and Cytosol
- Reading: DifferenceBetween.net’s "Difference between Cytosol and Cytoplasm"
Link: DifferenceBetween.net’s "Difference between Cytosol and Cytoplasm" (PDF)
Instructions: Read this explanation of the distinction between cellular cytoplasm and cytosol.
Terms of Use: The article above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0 (HTML). You can find the original Difference Between version of this article here (HTML).See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: DifferenceBetween.net’s "Difference between Cytosol and Cytoplasm"
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3.4 Cell Organelles
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information: Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “All Eukaryotic Cells Have the Same Basic Set of Membrane-Enclosed Organelles”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information: Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “All Eukaryotic Cells Have the Same Basic Set of Membrane-Enclosed Organelles” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this section for an overview of cell organelles. After you have finished reading the materials for the cell organelle learning unit, remember to think of these organelles with the “big picture” in mind. In particular, recall that these organelles all work together so that an eukaryotic cell can stay alive and perform its function.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information: Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “All Eukaryotic Cells Have the Same Basic Set of Membrane-Enclosed Organelles”
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3.4.1 Nucleus, Nucleolus, Chromosomes
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “The Nucleus Contains a Variety of Subnuclear Structures”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “The Nucleus Contains a Variety of Subnuclear Structures” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this section to learn about these structures and sub-structures.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Chromosomes, Chromatids, Chromatin, etc.”
Link: Khan Academy’s “Chromosomes, Chromatids, Chromatin, etc.” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please click on the link above, and watch the lecture in its entirety (18 minutes) for an introduction to Chromosomes.
Viewing this lecture and note-taking should take approximately 25-30 minutes to complete.
Terms of Use: This video is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike United States License 3.0. It is attributed to the Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “The Nucleus Contains a Variety of Subnuclear Structures”
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3.4.2 Centriole, Centromere, Centrosome
- Reading: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: “The Centrosome and the Centrioles”
Link: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: “The Centrosome and the Centrioles” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this article on the centrosome and centrioles to understand their function. While these terms centriole, centromere and centrosome sound similar, they refer to three distinct structures. The centromere is part of the chromosome, and a centrosome is the organelle that attaches to the centromere. A centriole, on the other hand, is the specific part of the centrosome that attaches to the centromere.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Clare O’Connor’s “Chromosome Segregation in Mitosis: The Role of Centromeres”
Link: Clare O’Connor’s “Chromosome Segregation in Mitosis: The Role of Centromeres” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this article on the centromere to understand its function.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: “The Centrosome and the Centrioles”
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3.4.3 Mitochondria
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Mitochondria”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Mitochondria” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this section to learn the basics of mitochondria. You will learn about energy production and ATP synthesis in a later unit, so don’t worry if it does not yet make complete sense.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Mitochondria”
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3.4.4 Golgi Bodies
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Golgi Apparatus”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Golgi Apparatus” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this section to learn about Golgi bodies and the Golgi apparatus.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Golgi Apparatus”
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3.4.5 Ribosome
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Ribosome”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Ribosome” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this part of the section to understand the basic structure of the ribosome. You will learn about protein synthesis in a later unit.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Ribosome”
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3.4.6 Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Endoplasmic Reticulum”
Link:National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Endoplasmic Reticulum” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this entire section to learn about the two types of endoplasmic reticula and what they do. If you want to know more about this material, consider taking the upper-level cell biology course, BIO301: Cell Biology.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Endoplasmic Reticulum”
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3.4.7 Chloroplasts
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Chloroplasts and Other Plastids”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Chloroplasts and Other Plastids” (HTML)
Instructions: Read through this entire section on chloroplasts. You can skip the final section about other kinds of plastids, but be sure to note that animal cells do not contain chloroplasts.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Chloroplasts and Other Plastids”
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3.5 Cell Communication
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Bruce Alberts. Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “Cell Communication”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Bruce Alberts. Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “Cell Communication” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read through this introduction to cell communication.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Bruce Alberts. Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “Cell Communication”
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3.5.1 Junctions
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Gap Junctions and Tight Junctions”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Gap Junctions and Tight Junctions” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read the sections to learn about these two types of junctions.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Gap Junctions and Tight Junctions”
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3.5.2 Action Potential
- Web Media: Harvard University’s Action Potential
Link: Harvard University’s "Action Potential" (Flash)
Instructions: Watch this animation to learn about action potentialand review the notes for subunit 3.3.2: Channel and Carriers. Make the mental note that the carriers in nerve cells are part of the cohort of membrane carriers and channels allowing materials to pass through the phospholipid bilayer.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: “Excitable Cells”
Link: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: "Excitable Cells" (PDF)
Instructions: Read this section to learn more about action potential and how it works.
Terms of Use: The linked material above has been reposted by the kind permission of Professor John W. Kimball, and can be viewed in its original form here. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: Harvard University’s Action Potential
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3.5.3 Types of Cell Signaling
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Signaling Molecules and Their Receptors”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Signaling Molecules and Their Receptors” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this entire page on the major types of cell-to-cell signaling. Cell to cell signaling is especially important in multi-cellular organisms where the organism’s different cells are specialized for different functions. In order for the organism to function as a single unit, the cells in its body have to coordinate, a process made possible through various forms of cell signaling. Cell signaling is also important for immune cells. It allows them to distinguish self from foreign cells, thereby letting immune cells to attack foreign cells (such as the bacteria and viruses that invade the body).
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Signaling Molecules and Their Receptors”
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3.6 Cell Motility
- Reading: Biology Reference’s Cell Motility
Link: Biology Reference’s Cell Motility (HTML)
Instructions: Read through this article to get a basic understanding of cell motility.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Biology Reference’s Cell Motility
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3.6.1 Flagella
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Cilia and Flagella”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Cilia and Flagella” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this section, covering subunits 3.6.1 and 3.6.2, to learn about cilia and flagella and how they work in eukaryotic cells.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Cilia and Flagella”
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3.6.2 Cilia
Note: This topic is covered by the reading below sub-subunit 3.6.1.
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Unit 3 Quiz
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 3 Quiz"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 3 Quiz" (PDF)
Instructions: Please answer the questions on this short quiz. When you are finished, compare your answers to The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 3 Quiz Answers." (PDF)See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 3 Quiz"
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Unit 4: Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the ultimate source of energy for every living being on earth, whether directly or indirectly. In middle school, you probably learned about photosynthesis as a single reaction. You will now learn that photosynthesis is actually a series of several different reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose. BIO305 (“Plant Biology”) will go into this subject in more detail.
Unit 4 Time Advisory show close
Unit 4 Learning Outcomes show close
- Lecture: YouTube: UC Berkeley: Professor Gary Firestone et al.’s “General Biology Lecture 12: Photosynthesis—The Light Reaction” and “General Biology Lecture 13: Photosynthesis—CO2 Fixation and Related Processes”
Links: YouTube: UC Berkeley: Professor Gary Firestone et al.’s “General Biology Lecture 12: Photosynthesis—The Light Reaction” and “General Biology Lecture 13: Photosynthesis—CO2 Fixation and Related Processes” (YouTube)
Also available in:
iTunes U video Lecture 12, Lecture 13
iTunes U audio Lecture 12, Lecture 13
Instructions: Read and take notes for these two lectures to learn about photosynthesis, from the reactants and products to all the associated processes.
Terms of Use: The above video is reposted from the University of California – Berkeley’s Webcast.Berkeley. This video is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Photosynthesis”
Link: Khan Academy’s “Photosynthesis” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please click on the link above, and watch the lecture in its entirety (14 minutes) for an introduction to photosynthesis.
Viewing this lecture and note-taking should take approximately 15-20 minutes to complete.
Terms of Use: This video is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike United States License 3.0. It is attributed to the Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: YouTube: UC Berkeley: Professor Gary Firestone et al.’s “General Biology Lecture 12: Photosynthesis—The Light Reaction” and “General Biology Lecture 13: Photosynthesis—CO2 Fixation and Related Processes”
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4.1 Reactants and Products
- Reading: University of California, Davis’s “Photosynthesis Overview”
Link: University of California, Davis’s “Photosynthesis Overview” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this article to gain an understanding of the overall reaction.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: University of California, Davis’s “Photosynthesis Overview”
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4.2 Light-Dependent Reaction and Noncyclic Photophosphorylation

Note: Photosynthesis consists of two main sets of reactions. The Light Reactions—occurring on the thylakoid membrane—are the reactions responsible for collecting sunlight’s energy and converting that energy into energy rich molecules like ATP and NADH. These energy rich molecules are then shunted to stroma to be used in the second set of reactions, known as the Dark Reactions or Calvin Cycle.
- Reading: University of California, Davis’s “The Light Reactions”
Link: University of California, Davis’s “The Light Reactions” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this article to understand the first stage of photosynthesis: photon capture.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Photosynthesis: Light Reactions 1” and “Photosynthesis: Light Reactions and Photophosphorylation”
Link: Khan Academy’s “Photosynthesis: Light Reactions 1” and “Photosynthesis: Light Reactions and Photophosphorylation”” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please click on the links above, and watch both the lectures in their entirety (20 minutes and 19 minutes respectively) for an introduction to the light reaction of photosynthesis.
Viewing these lectures and taking notes should take approximately 45 minutes to complete.
Terms of Use: This video is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike United States License 3.0. It is attributed to the Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: University of California, Davis’s “The Light Reactions”
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4.3 Cyclic Photophosphorylation
- Reading: Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “Non-Cyclic Photosphosphorylation Produces both NADPH and ATP” and “Chloroplasts Can Make ATP by Cyclic Photophosphorylation without Making NADPH”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “Non-Cyclic Photosphosphorylation Produces both NADPH and ATP” and “Chloroplasts Can Made ATP by Cyclic Photophosphorylation without Making NADPH” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this section on cyclic Photophosphorylation to understand how ATP is generated. The Non-Cyclic photophosphorylation is the normal route by which the Calvin Cycle obtains the high-energy molecules, ATP and NADPH, produced by the Light Reactions. However, the Calvin Cycle consumes more ATP than NADPH. Therefore plants need to use Cyclic photophosphorylation, producing only ATP, to satisfy the needs of the Calvin Cycle.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “Non-Cyclic Photosphosphorylation Produces both NADPH and ATP” and “Chloroplasts Can Make ATP by Cyclic Photophosphorylation without Making NADPH”
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4.4 Calvin Cycle and Carbon Fixation
- Web Media: McGraw Hill’s How the Calvin Cycle Works
Link: McGraw Hill’s How the Calvin Cycle Works (Flash)
Instructions: Please go through this animation to learn about the Calvin cycle, then take the quiz below the animation to gauge how well you have learned the material. The Dark Reactions or Calvin Cycle uses the high-energy molecules generated by the Light Reactions to create bonds between carbon dioxide molecules to form sugar molecules (i.e. carbon fixation). These sugar-creating reactions are catalyzed by many enzymes, but the most important carbon fixing enzyme is RUBISCO, which is the world’s most abundant enzyme. Although the Calvin Cycle is considered a light-independent reaction, it cannot occur without light. We can call it light-independent because though it requires reactants produced from light-dependent reactions, the reaction itself does not directly involve light.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: University of California, Davis’s “Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle”
Link: University of California, Davis’s “Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read the overview section to gain an understanding of what happens during the Calvin Cycle.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Photosynthesis: Calvin Cycle” and “Photorespiration”
Link: Khan Academy’s “Photosynthesis: Calvin Cycle” and “Photorespiration” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please click on the links above, and watch the two lectures in their entirety (14 minutes and 17 minutes respective) for an introduction to the Calvin cycle and photorespiration.
Viewing these lectures and note-taking should take approximately 30-35 minutes to complete.
Terms of Use: This video is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike United States License 3.0. It is attributed to the Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: McGraw Hill’s How the Calvin Cycle Works
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4.4.1 Rubisco
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Jeremy Berg, John Tymoczko, et al.’s Biochemistry, 5e: “Rubisco Is Activated by Light-Driven Changes in Proton and Magnesium Ion Concentrations”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Jeremy Berg, John Tymoczko, et al.’s Biochemistry, 5e: “Rubisco Is Activated by Light-Driven Changes in Proton and Magnesium Ion Concentrations” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this section to understand the role that the enzyme rubisco plays in the Calvin cycle.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Jeremy Berg, John Tymoczko, et al.’s Biochemistry, 5e: “Rubisco Is Activated by Light-Driven Changes in Proton and Magnesium Ion Concentrations”
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4.4.2 RuBP
- Reading: University of California, Davis’s “Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate”
Link: University of California, Davis’s “Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this article to understand how RuBP is used in the Calvin Cycle for carbon fixation.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: University of California, Davis’s “Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate”
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4.5 Chloroplasts and Thylakoids
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “Photosynthesis Occurs on Thylakoid Membranes”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “Photosynthesis Occurs on Thylakoid Membranes” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this section to learn where photosynthesis occurs on chloroplasts.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “Photosynthesis Occurs on Thylakoid Membranes”
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4.6 Chemiosmotic Theory
- Reading: The Community College of Baltimore County: “Oxidative Phosphorylation: Development of Proton Motive Force as a Result of Chemiosmosis and ATP Production by ATPsynthase”
Link: The Community College of Baltimore County: “Oxidative Phosphorylation: Development of Proton Motive Force as a Result of Chemiosmosis and ATP Production by ATPsynthase” (HTML and Adobe Flash)
Instructions: Click on the play and forward button on the right corner of the diagram and read the description at the bottom of the diagram. Recall that water is split in to H+ and O2 to serve as an electron donor for the Light Reaction. The O2 is released as O2 gas, and H+ accumulates in the stroma inside the thylakoid membrane. In addition, H+ ions are actively pumped from the cytoplasm into the thylakoid stroma. This creates a high concentration of H+ inside the thylakoid, which in turn creates a concentration gradient generating energy when the H=ions are released from the thylakoid via ATPsynthase. This energy is captured through the formation of the high-energy molecule ATP.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage aboveSee a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: The Community College of Baltimore County: “Oxidative Phosphorylation: Development of Proton Motive Force as a Result of Chemiosmosis and ATP Production by ATPsynthase”
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4.7 Problem Based Learning Assessment
- Assessment: WSBCTC’s "Problem Set 3”
Link: WSBCTC’s “Problem Set 3”
Instructions: Please complete the linked assessment. When you have finished, check your work against The Saylor Foundation's "Answer Key to Problem Set 3."See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Assessment: WSBCTC’s "Problem Set 3”
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Unit 4 Quiz
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 4 Quiz"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 4 Quiz" (PDF)
Instructions: Please answer the questions on this short quiz. When you are finished, compare your answers to The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 4 Quiz Answers." (PDF)See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 4 Quiz"
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Unit 5: Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
Francis Crick (one of the scientists that shared the Nobel Prize for discovering the double-helix nature of DNA) first coined the term “central dogma” of molecular biology in 1958 to describe one of the most important pathways in biology. This theory states that the information for life flows in a single direction—from genes (DNA) to RNA to protein—and that, in effect, DNA contains the information for life and creates diversity in life. This discovery has fueled much of the biomedical research that has taken place over the past few decades. It has led us to invest billions of dollars in the Human Genome Project (a project that aims to identify every single human gene) and sparked the biotechnology industry, which enabled us transplant genes from one organism to another and create glow-in-the-dark mice, among other things. (This unit is covered in great detail in the molecular biology course, if you want to learn more about it.)
Unit 5 Time Advisory show close
Unit 5 Learning Outcomes show close
- Lecture: YouTube: UC Berkeley: Professor Gary Firestone et al.’s “General Biology Lecture 21: Transcription,” “General Biology Lecture 22: The Genetic Code and Translation,” “General Biology Lecture 23: Prokaryotic Gene Regulation,” and “General Biology Lecture 24: Eukaryotic Gene Expression”
Links: YouTube: UC Berkeley: Professor Gary Firestone et al.’s “General Biology Lecture 21: Transcription,” “General Biology Lecture 22: The Genetic Code and Translation,” “General Biology Lecture 23: Prokaryotic Gene Regulation,” and “General Biology Lecture 24: Eukaryotic Gene Expression” (YouTube)
Also available in:
iTunes U video Lecture 21, Lecture 22, Lecture 23, Lecture 24
iTunes U audio Lecture 21, Lecture 22, Lecture 23, Lecture 24
Instructions: Please view these lectures in their entirety (approximately 50-52 minutes each) to learn about how biological information travels from DNA to protein. You will also learn how this biological information is regulated.
Terms of Use: The above video is reposted from the University of California – Berkeley’s Webcast.Berkeley. This video is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: YouTube: UC Berkeley: Professor Gary Firestone et al.’s “General Biology Lecture 21: Transcription,” “General Biology Lecture 22: The Genetic Code and Translation,” “General Biology Lecture 23: Prokaryotic Gene Regulation,” and “General Biology Lecture 24: Eukaryotic Gene Expression”
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5.1 National Center for Biotechnology Information’s “Molecular Biology Review: Central Dogma of Biology”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s “ “Molecular Biology Review: Central Dogma of Biology” (HTML)
Instructions: Read the entire webpage, but you do not need to go to the hyperlinks to the citations on the page. Take particular note of the webpage’s flow diagram. Information flows one way, from DNA to RNA to protein; a protein sequence cannot be reversed to give back its original DNA sequence.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.- Web Media: Wiley’s Central Dogma
Link: Wiley’s Central Dogma (Flash)
Instructions: Watch the entire animation above to understand how the pathway works and how biological information is expressed.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.
Note: Information flows one way, from DNA to RNA to protein; a protein sequence cannot be reversed to give back its original DNA sequence.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: Wiley’s Central Dogma
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5.2 Transcription
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5.2.1 Initiation, Elongation, Termination
- Reading: University of California, Davis’ ChemWiki: “RNA-Transcription”
Link: University of California, Davis’ ChemWiki: “RNA-Transcription” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this article to understand how transcription works in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. There are several classes of RNA polymerase and each has a specific purpose. You should know how to distinguish between them. Also, the process by which the RNA polymerase recognizes the start sequence (TATA box and others) is highly complex, so know the major players.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: University of California, Davis’ ChemWiki: “RNA-Transcription”
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5.2.2 DNA and RNA
- Reading: Diffen’s DNA vs. RNA
Link: Diffen’s DNA vs. RNA (PDF)
Instructions: Read and take notes on this table to understand the major differences between DNA and RNA. Although most life on Earth uses DNA as the genetic code, some lower life forms like viruses use RNA as the genetic code. Early life forms on Earth were hypothesized to have started out using RNA as their genetic code.
Terms of Use: The article above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0 (HTML). You can find the original Diffen version of this article here (HTML).See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Diffen’s DNA vs. RNA
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5.3 RNA Processing
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “RNA Processing and Turnover”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “RNA Processing and Turnover” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this page to gain an understanding of the mechanisms that immature RNA go through before becoming mature RNA. Exons are RNA pieces that are expressed as proteins; introns are RNA pieces that are removed and not expressed. This processing creates mature RNA, or mRNA.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage aboveSee a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “RNA Processing and Turnover”
- 5.4 Translation
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5.4.1 Initiation, Elongation, Termination
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Translation of mRNA”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Translation of mRNA” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this entire page to understand the steps involved in the translation of mRNA into a polypeptide chain. You should take note of the difference between transcription and translation. In particular, take note of the location where each occurs, the enzymes involved, and the end product. Though the processes of transcription and translation are comprised of the same general steps (initiation, elongation, and termination), the mechanisms by which they occur differ vastly. Transcription and translation use their own machineries and their own sets of start and stop signals to create their products. Moreover, the processes also differ in terms of speed, accuracy, and regulation.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Translation of mRNA”
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5.4.2 Post-Translational Processing
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “Post-Translational Modifications and Quality Control in the Rough ER”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “Post-Translational Modifications and Quality Control in the Rough ER” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this section to learn about post-translational modifications performed on proteins after exiting the ribosome.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “Post-Translational Modifications and Quality Control in the Rough ER”
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5.5 Regulation of Gene Expression
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5.5.1 Prokaryotic Regulation
- Reading: CUNY-Brooklyn: Dr. Margaret Wallace’s “Notes: Prokaryotic Gene Regulation”
Link: CUNY-Brooklyn: Dr. Margaret Wallace’s “Notes: Prokaryotic Gene Regulation” (PDF)
Instructions: Scroll down the webpage to Week 10, April 12, and then select the hyperlink titled “Prokaryotic Gene Regulation” to download the PDF file. Read pages 1 to 5 to understand the basics of transcriptional regulation in prokaryotes.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.The Saylor Foundation does not yet have materials for this portion of the course. If you are interested in contributing your content to fill this gap or aware of a resource that could be used here, please submit it here.
- Reading: CUNY-Brooklyn: Dr. Margaret Wallace’s “Notes: Prokaryotic Gene Regulation”
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5.5.2 Eukaryotic Regulation
- Reading: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: “Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes”
Link: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: "Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes" (PDF)
Instructions: Read this page to gain an understanding of eukaryotic gene expression regulation. Understand why it is much more complex than prokaryotic regulation.
Terms of Use: The linked material above has been reposted by the kind permission of Professor John W. Kimball, and can be viewed in its original form here. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: “Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes”
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Unit 5 Quiz
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 5 Quiz"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 5 Quiz" (PDF)
Instructions: Please complete the questions on this short quiz. When you are finished, compare your answers to The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 5 Quiz Answers." (PDF)See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 5 Quiz"
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Unit 6: Cellular Energy
Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that enable living things to produce the energy needed to maintain life. For plants, metabolism refers to the process of creating glucose through photosynthesis. For other organisms, however, metabolism means the conversion of food into energy. It might help you to think of metabolism as digestion at the molecular level, where the end product is ATP (which you learned about earlier). Living things rely upon a steady source of ATP in order to carry out all activities, from running after the bus to thinking about math problems. This process starts with glycolysis, which converts glucose to pyruate. Pyruvate can then enter aerobic or anaerobic respiration, depending on the situation. The end result is still ATP. The biochemistry course (BIO401) will present metabolic reactions in greater detail.
Unit 6 Time Advisory show close
Unit 6 Learning Outcomes show close
- Lecture: YouTube: UC Berkeley: Professor Gary Firestone et al.’s “General Biology Lecture 9: Energetics,” “General Biology Lecture 10: Cellular Energy Production and Anaerobic Processes I,” and “General Biology Lecture 11: Cellular Energy Production and Anaerobic Processes II”
YouTube:UC Berkeley: Professor Gary Firestone et al.’s “General Biology Lecture 9: Energetics,” “General Biology Lecture 10: Cellular Energy Production and Anaerobic Processes I,” and “General Biology Lecture 11: Cellular Energy Production and Anaerobic Processes II” (YouTube)
Also available in:
iTunes U video Lecture 9, Lecture 10, Lecture 11
iTunes U audio Lecture 9, Lecture 10, Lecture 11
Instructions: Please view the video lectures in their entirety (Lectures 9 and 10 are approximately 50 minutes each; Lecture 11 is approximately 43 minutes) to understand how the cell produces the energy it needs in the form of ATP. This can be a difficult unit, because it involves a bit of chemistry, so pay careful attention to the important molecules.
Terms of Use: The above video is reposted from the University of California – Berkeley’s Webcast.Berkeley. This video is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: YouTube: UC Berkeley: Professor Gary Firestone et al.’s “General Biology Lecture 9: Energetics,” “General Biology Lecture 10: Cellular Energy Production and Anaerobic Processes I,” and “General Biology Lecture 11: Cellular Energy Production and Anaerobic Processes II”
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6.1 Glycolysis
- Web Media: McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Seeley, Stephens, Tate’s Anatomy & Physiology: “How Glycolysis Works”
Link: McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Seeley, Stephens, Tate’s Anatomy & Physiology: “How Glycolysis Works” (Flash)
Instructions: Watch this animation to understand how glycolysis works and then take the short quiz below the animation to see how well you have learned the subject. The word glycolysis literally means glucose breakdown. It is the name given to a series of reactions that ultimately breaks down the 6 carbon glucose molecule into two 3 carbon molecules of pyruvate and releases ATP as energy in the process. But do note that while there is a net gain of ATP in glucolysis, some reaction steps actually use up ATP.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage aboveSee a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Seeley, Stephens, Tate’s Anatomy & Physiology: “How Glycolysis Works”
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6.1.1 Reactants and Products
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “Cytosolic Enzymes Convert Glucose to Pyruvate”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “Cytosolic Enzymes Convert Glucose to Pyruvate” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this chapter to understand the general pathway of glycolysis, from glucose to pyruvate. The name of an enzyme is often derived from the name of the substrate that the enzyme catalyzes. For example, the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase catalyzes glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “Cytosolic Enzymes Convert Glucose to Pyruvate”
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6.1.2 Pyruvate
- Reading: University of California, Davis’s “Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex”
Link: University of California, Davis’s “Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this article to understand the importance of pyruvate as a biochemical regulatory molecule.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage aboveSee a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: University of California, Davis’s “Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex”
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6.2 Aerobic Respiration
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Introduction to Cellular Respiration”
Link: Khan Academy’s “Introduction to Cellular Respiration” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please click on the link above, and watch the lecture in its entirety (14 minutes) for an introduction to cellular respiration.
Viewing this lecture should take approximately 15-20 minutes to complete.
Terms of Use: This video is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike United States License 3.0. It is attributed to the Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Introduction to Cellular Respiration”
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6.2.1 Citric Acid Cycle
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “Oxidation of the Acetyl Group of Acetyl CoA in the Citric Acid Cycle Yields CO2 and Reduced Coenzymes”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish and Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “Oxidation of the Acetyl Group of Acetyl CoA in the Citric Acid Cycle Yields CO2 and Reduced Coenzymes” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this section to understand how pyruvate, produced from glycolysis, becomes acetyl CoA before being oxidized in the citric acid cycle (also knownas TCA cycle or Krebs cycle).
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Seeley, Stephens, Tate’s Anatomy & Physiology: “How the Krebs Cycle Works”
Link: McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Seeley, Stephens, Tate’s Anatomy & Physiology: “How the Krebs Cycle Works” (Flash)
Instructions: Watch this animation to visually observe the Krebs Cycle’s pathways, and then take the short quiz below the animation to see how well you learned the material.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage aboveSee a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle”
Link: Khan Academy’s “Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please click on the link above, and watch the lecture in its entirety (18 minutes) for an introduction to the citric acid cycle.
Viewing this lecture and note-taking should take approximately 20-25 minutes to complete.
Terms of Use: This video is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike United States License 3.0. It is attributed to the Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “Oxidation of the Acetyl Group of Acetyl CoA in the Citric Acid Cycle Yields CO2 and Reduced Coenzymes”
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6.2.2 Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Mechanism of Oxidative Phosphorylation”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Mechanism of Oxidative Phosphorylation” (HTML)
Instructions: Read the entire page to understand oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation. Aerobic respiration would not be possible without the presence of oxygen, which serves as an electron acceptor of electrons from the high-energy molecules NADH and FADH2.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Seeley, Stephens, Tate’s Anatomy & Physiology: “Electron Transport System and ATP Synthesis”
Link: McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Seeley, Stephens, Tate’s Anatomy & Physiology: “Electron Transport System and ATP Synthesis” (Flash)
Instructions: Watch this animation of how ATP is produced via oxidative phosphorylation, and then take the short quiz below the animation to see how well you learned the material.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Oxidative Phosphorylation and Chemiosmosis”
Link: Khan Academy’s “Oxidative Phosphorylation and Chemiosmosis” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please click on the link above, and watch the lecture in its entirety (5 minutes) for an introduction to oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmosis.
Viewing this lecture and note-taking should take less than 15 minutes to complete.
Terms of Use: This video is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike United States License 3.0. It is attributed to the Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Electron Transport Chain”
Link: Khan Academy’s “Electron Transport Chain” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please click on the link above, and watch the lecture in its entirety (18 minutes) for an introduction to the electron transport chain.
Viewing this lecture and note-taking should take approximately 20-25 minutes to complete.
Terms of Use: This video is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike United States License 3.0. It is attributed to the Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Mechanism of Oxidative Phosphorylation”
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6.2.3 ATP Produced
- Reading: Wikipedia’s Article on Cellular Respiration: “Theoretical Yields”
Link: Wikipedia’s Article on Cellular Respiration: Theoretical Yields (PDF)
Instructions: Read this section, paying particular attention to ATP Yield and the table under Oxidative phosphorylation. Understand when (i.e during which stages) ATP is produced.Both plants and animals use a similar proton-driven pump to produce ATP. This pump literally forces ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate together. Note that aerobic respiration produces much more ATP than anaerobic respiration does.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Wikipedia’s Article on Cellular Respiration: “Theoretical Yields”
- 6.3 Anaerobic Respiration
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6.3.1 Alcoholic Fermentation
- Web Media: Pearson Education, Inc.’s “Alcoholic Fermentation”
Link: Pearson Education, Inc.’s "Alcoholic Fermentation” (HTML)
Instructions: Watch the four animations to understand how ethanol (alcohol) is produced. Click “Fermentation Pathways.” Thanks to alcoholic fermentation, we can enjoy beer, wine, and other alcoholic beverages!Anaerobic respiration does not require the presence of oxygen because it uses other molecules as electron acceptors for electrons from high-energy NADH molecules.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: Pearson Education, Inc.’s “Alcoholic Fermentation”
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6.3.2 Lactic Acid Fermentation
- Web Media: Pearson Education, Inc.’s “Lactic Acid Fermentation”
Link: Pearson Education, Inc.’s “Lactic Acid Fermentation” (HTML)
Instructions: Watch the four animations to understand how lactic acid is generated (you will notice it is similar to how ethanol is created). When our bodies do not have enough oxygen to generate ATP, or when we need more ATP than aerobic respiration is providing us with, lactate fermentation steps up and enables us to produce the ATP we need. Students should also compare the reactions of anaerobic and aerobic metabolism to understand why the latter is more efficient at producing energy rich molecules necessary for life. This difference also explains why most life on Earth utilize aerobic metabolism.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: Pearson Education, Inc.’s “Lactic Acid Fermentation”
-
6.4 Problem Based Learning Assessment
- Assessment: WSBCTC’s “Problem Set 4”
Link: WSBCTC’s “Problem Set 4” (PDF)
Instructions: Please complete the linked assessment. When you have finished, check your work against The Saylor Foundation's "Answer Key to Problem Set 4." (PDF)See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Assessment: WSBCTC’s “Problem Set 4”
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Unit 6 Quiz
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 6 Quiz"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 6 Quiz" (PDF)
Instructions: Please answer the questions on this short quiz. When you are finished, compare your answers to The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 6 Quiz Answers." (PDF)See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 6 Quiz"
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Unit 7: Molecular Genetics
We will now turn to the molecular aspect of genetics, the field of biology that studies how we pass on our genes (DNA). Simply put, two processes enable us to pass along our genes: DNA replication (which produces an exact copy of the original cell) and DNA recombination (which creates a unique new cell from the mother cell). Recombination is the molecular mechanism that creates diversity amongst life forms. Both replication and recombination are comprised of a complex series of reactions that involve the parent DNA strands. More information on this topic is discussed in the genetics course.
Unit 7 Time Advisory show close
Unit 7 Learning Outcomes show close
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7.1 DNA Replication
- Lecture: YouTube: UC Berkeley: Professor Gary Firestone et al.’s “General Biology Lecture 15: DNA Replication and the PCR”
Links: YouTube: UC Berkeley: Professor Gary Firestone et al.’s “General Biology Lecture 15: DNA Replication and the PCR” (YouTube)
Also available in:
iTunes U video and iTunes U audio
Instructions: view this video lecture from 10:40 minutes to the end. It may help to take notes on the lecture as you view it. This lecture will focus on the molecular aspects of DNA replication, and it covers sub-subunits 7.1.1 through 7.1.4.
Terms of Use: The above video is reposted from the University of California – Berkeley’s Webcast.Berkeley. This video is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “DNA Replication”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “DNA Replication” (HTML)
Instructions: Read the entire page to learn about DNA replication. The material covers sub-subunits 7.1.1 through 7.1.4.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Seeley, Stephens, Tate’s Anatomy & Physiology: “DNA Replication”
Link: McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Seeley, Stephens, Tate’s Anatomy & Physiology: “DNA Replication” (Flash)
Instructions: Watch this animation on DNA replication, and take the quiz at the end to gauge how well you have learned the material. The animation covers sub-subunits 7.1.1 through 7.1.4.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage aboveSee a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: YouTube: UC Berkeley: Professor Gary Firestone et al.’s “General Biology Lecture 15: DNA Replication and the PCR”
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7.1.1 Organization of DNA
Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 7.1
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7.1.2 Direction
Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 7.1
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7.1.3 Okazaki Fragment
Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 7.1
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7.1.4 Replication Forks
Note: This topic is covered by the resources below subunit 7.1
- 7.2 DNA Recombination
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7.2.1 Homologous Recombination
- Lecture: Stanford University: Professor Gilbert Chu’s "3 Rs of DNA"
Link: Stanford University: Professor Gilbert Chu’s "3 Rs of DNA"
Also available in:
iTunes U
Flash
Instructions: Watch and take notes on this lecture from 17:15 to 50:50 minutes. It will focus on several important aspects of DNA recombination, and it covers subunits 7.2.1 through 7.2.2.
Terms of Use: The video above is re-posted from Stanford University’s YouTube Channel. This video is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works License. The original version can be found here.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Stanford University: Professor Gilbert Chu’s "3 Rs of DNA"
- 7.2.2 Holliday Junction
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7.3 Molecular Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria
- Lecture: YouTube: UC Berkeley: Professor Gary Firestone et al.’s “General Biology Lecture 14: Microbial Genetics, and Evolution-Chromosomes, Plasmids, and Phage”
Links: YouTube: UC Berkeley: Professor Gary Firestone et al.’s “General Biology Lecture 14: Microbial Genetics, and Evolution-Chromosomes, Plasmids, and Phage” (YouTube)
Also available in:
iTunes U video and iTunes U audio
Instructions: Please view this lecture from 5:25 minutes to the end to learn about the genetics of viruses and bacteria. The material covers sub-subunits 7.3.1 and 7.3.2. As you go through this subunit, compare and contrast the differences and similarities between eukaryotes, bacteria, and viruses.
Terms of Use: The above video is reposted from the University of California – Berkeley’s Webcast.Berkeley. This video is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: YouTube: UC Berkeley: Professor Gary Firestone et al.’s “General Biology Lecture 14: Microbial Genetics, and Evolution-Chromosomes, Plasmids, and Phage”
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7.3.1 Viral Lytic and Lysogenic Life Cycles
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “Viral Growth Cycles Are Classified as Lytic or Lysogenic”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “Viral Growth Cycles Are Classified as Lytic or Lysogenic” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this section to learn about the two kinds of virus cycles.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage aboveSee a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, et al.’s Molecular Cell Biology, 4e: “Viral Growth Cycles Are Classified as Lytic or Lysogenic”
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7.3.2 Bacterial Conjugation, Transformation, and Transduction
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Samuel Baron’s (ed.) Medical Microbiology, 4e: “Transformation, Transduction, and Conjugation”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Samuel Baron’s (ed.) Medical Microbiology, 4e: “Transformation, Transduction, and Conjugation” (HTML)
Instructions: Read the sections titled Transformation, Transduction, and Conjugation for an overview of these genetic exchange methods. Bacteria use these three separate methods in order to obtain new pieces of genetic information. These methods help bacterial cells overcome their inability to genetically recombine via sexual reproduction, a process which only occurs in eukaryotic cells. Scientists have learned how to use these methods to their advantage in the laboratory; this is how they introduce new genes to bacteria.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Samuel Baron’s (ed.) Medical Microbiology, 4e: “Transformation, Transduction, and Conjugation”
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7.4 Recombinant DNA
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s “The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Recombinant DNA”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Recombinant DNA” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this entire page to understand recombinant DNA technology. The discovery of ways to recombine genes in the laboratory led to the field of biotechnology. For a more in-depth look at these and similar topics, consider enrolling in BIO403: Biotechnology.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s “The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Recombinant DNA”
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Unit 7 Quiz
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 7 Quiz"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 7 Quiz" (PDF)
Instructions: Please answer the questions on this short quiz. When you are finished, please compare your answers to The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 7 Quiz Answers." (PDF)See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 7 Quiz"
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Unit 8: Cell Division
Almost all living cells have the ability to divide and form two new cells. Depending on the function of the mother cell, the new cells can be either exact replicas of the original cell or unique new ones. Mitosis is the process by which a cell creates an exact replica of itself; it occurs a countless number of times in living organisms. In fact, because of mitosis, most of the cells in your body are no more than a few months old, regardless of how old you are. Meiosis, on the other hand, is the process by which the mother cell creates uniquely new cells. It only takes place in reproductive cells, such as sperm cells or egg cells. This process explains why you are not an exact replica of your parents, and is the reason why humans are as diverse as they are. It might be useful to think of mitosis as the cellular counterpart to DNA replication, and meiosis as the counterpart to DNA recombination.
Unit 8 Time Advisory show close
Unit 8 Learning Outcomes show close
- Lecture: YouTube: UC Berkeley: Professor Gary Firestone’s “General Biology Lecture 16: Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Reproduction,” “General Biology Lecture 17: Chromosomes, Checkpoints, and Cancer,” and “General Biology Lecture 18: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycle”
Links: YouTube: UC Berkeley: Professor Gary Firestone’s “General Biology Lecture 16: Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Reproduction,” General Biology Lecture 17: Chromosomes, Checkpoints, and Cancer,” “General Biology Lecture 18: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycle” (YouTube)
Also available in:
iTunes U video Lecture 16, Lecture 17, Lecture 18
iTunes U audio Lecture 16, Lecture 17, Lecture 18
Instructions: Please view the three video lectures in its entirety (about 51 minutes each); take notes as you view each lecture. They will focus on the mitosis and meiosis as part of the overall cell cycle and cover the material in Unit 8.
Terms of Use: The above video is reposted from the University of California – Berkeley’s Webcast.Berkeley. This video is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Cancer”
Link: Khan Academy’s “Cancer” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please click on the link above, and watch the lecture in its entirety (13 minutes) for an introduction of the cell cycle and cancer.
Viewing this lecture and note-taking should take approximately 15-20 minutes to complete.
Terms of Use: This video is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike United States License 3.0. It is attributed to the Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: YouTube: UC Berkeley: Professor Gary Firestone’s “General Biology Lecture 16: Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Reproduction,” “General Biology Lecture 17: Chromosomes, Checkpoints, and Cancer,” and “General Biology Lecture 18: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycle”
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8.1 Cell Cycle
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “An Overview of the Cell Cycle”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “An Overview of the Cell Cycle” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this section to understand the basics of the cell cycle.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, et al.’s Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4e: “An Overview of the Cell Cycle”
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8.1.1 Interphases
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Phases of Mitosis”
Link: Khan Academy’s “Phases of Mitosis” (YouTube)
Instructions: Watch the first 8 minutes of the lecture to understand which stages of the cell cycle are considered interphase and what happens during these stages. Please note that this resource also covers the topic of S Phase in 8.1.2.
Terms of Use: This video is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike United States License 3.0. It is attributed to the Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Phases of Mitosis”
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8.1.2 S Phase
- Reading: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: “The Cell Cycle”
Link: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: “The Cell Cycle” (HTML)
Instructions: Read through this resource paying special attention to what occurs during the S phase.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Professor John W. Kimball’s Biology Pages: “The Cell Cycle”
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8.1.3 M Phase
Note: M phase is also known the mitosis, which is subunit 8.2.
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8.1.4 Regulation of Cell Control
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Regulators of Cell Cycle Progression”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s "The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Regulators of Cell Cycle Progression” (HTML)
Instructions: Read this page to understand how two families of molecules control the progression of the cell cycle.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Regulators of Cell Cycle Progression”
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8.2 Mitosis
- Web Media: McGraw Hill’s Biology, 8e: "Mitosis & Cytokinesis"
Link: McGraw Hill’s Biology, 8e: "Mitosis & Cytokinesis" (Flash)
Instructions: Watch this animation, covering subunits 8.2.1 through 8.2.4, to visually distinguish between the individual steps of mitosis. After watching the animation, take the quiz to gauge how well you have learned the material. Keep in mind that mitosis is associated with the cell division of non-gamete forming cells (somatic cells). It occurs in unicellular organisms when they are cloning themselves or in cell division of somatic cells during growth of multicellular organisms.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Events of M Phase”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “The Events of M Phase” (HTML)
Instructions: Read the entire page to understand mitosis’ phases. The material covers subunits 8.2.1 through 8.2.4.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Lecture: Khan Academy’s “Phases of Mitosis”
Link: Khan Academy’s “Phases of Mitosis” (YouTube)
Instructions: Please click on the link above, and watch the lecture in its entirety (21 minutes) for a review of mitosis.
Viewing this lecture and note-taking should take approximately 25-30 minutes to complete.
Terms of Use: This video is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike United States License 3.0. It is attributed to the Khan Academy.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: McGraw Hill’s Biology, 8e: "Mitosis & Cytokinesis"
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8.2.1 Prophase
Note: This topic is covered by the reading assigned below subunit 8.2.
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8.2.2 Metaphase
Note: Metaphase is the critical step in which homologous DNA strands are paired up so that they match exactly before they are split apart. Note that the reading from subunit 7.1 applies to this topic.
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8.2.3 Anaphase
Note:This topic is covered by the reading assigned below subunit 7.1.
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8.2.4 Telophase
Note:This topic is covered by the reading assigned below subunit 7.1.
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8.3 Meiosis I
- Web Media: McGraw Hill’s Biology, 8e: "Meiosis I"
Link for 8.3.1 to 8.3.4: McGraw Hill’s Biology, 8e: "Meiosis I" (Flash)
Instructions: Watch this animation to visually distinguish between the individual steps of meiosis I. This animation also features a quiz, and the material covers sub-subunits 8.3.1 through 8.3.4. In Prophase I, genes from the mother and father strands recombine to create a new and unique DNA strand. Think back to DNA recombination. Additionally, meiosis is associated with cell division of gamete forming cells (egg or sperm forming cells). Meiosis occurs in animals’ ovaries and testicles and in plants’ ovaries and anther. Pay attention to how mitosis differs from meiosis.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College’s "Biology Book: Phases of Meiosis"
Link for 8.3.1 to 8.3.4: Estrella Mountain Community College's "Biology Book: Phases of Meiosis" (HTML)
Also available in:
Google Books
Instructions: Read through this section and the sections titled Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, and Telophase I to understand what occurs at each stage. The material covers subunits 8.3.1 through 8.3.4
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: McGraw Hill’s Biology, 8e: "Meiosis I"
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8.3.1 Prophase I
Note: This topic is covered by the reading assigned below subunit 8.3.
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8.3.2 Metaphase I
Note: This topic is covered by the reading assigned below subunit 8.3.
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8.3.3 Anaphase I
Note: This topic is covered by the reading assigned below subunit 8.3.
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8.3.4 Telophase I
NNote: This topic is covered by the reading assigned below subunit 8.3
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8.4 Meiosis II
- Web Media: McGraw Hill’s Biology, 8e: "Meiosis II"
Link for 8.4.1 to 8.4.4: McGraw Hill’s Biology, 8e: "Meiosis II" (Flash)
Instructions: Watch this animation to visually distinguish among the individual steps of meiosis II. This animation also features a quiz, and the material covers subunits 8.4.1 through 8.4.4.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: Estrella Mountain Community College’s "Biology Book: Prophase II"
Link for 8.4.1 to 8.4.4: Estrella Mountain Community College’s "Biology Book: Prophase II" (HTML)
Also available in:
Google Books
Instructions: Please read from “Prophase II” through the section titled “Telophase II” to understand what happens at each stage of meiosis II. The material covers subunits 8.4.1 through 8.4.4.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Web Media: McGraw Hill’s Biology, 8e: "Meiosis II"
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8.4.1 Prophase II
Note: Remember that, unlike Prophase I, there is no mixing of genetic material at Prophase II.The animation and reading from subunit 8.4 applies to this subunit.
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8.4.2 Metaphase II
Note: The animation and reading from subunit 8.4 applies to this subunit.
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8.4.3 Anaphase II
Note: The animation and reading from subunit 8.4 applies to this subunit.
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8.4.4 Telophase II
Note: The animation and reading from subunit 8.4 applies to this subunit.
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8.5 Cytokinesis
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Cytokinesis”
Link: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Cytokinesis” (HTML)
Instructions: Please read this section to learn how cells divide into two separate daughter cells. Remember that cytokinesis occurs at the end of mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II.
Terms of Use: Please respect the copyright and terms of use displayed on the webpage above.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Reading: National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Bookshelf: Geoffrey Cooper’s The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2e: “Cytokinesis”
-
Unit 8 Quiz
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 8 Quiz"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 8 Quiz" (PDF)
Instructions: Please answer the questions on this short quiz. When you are finished, compare your answers to The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 8 Quiz Answers." (PDF)See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Assessment: The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Unit 8 Quiz"
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Final Exam
- Final Exam: The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Final Exam"
Link: The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Final Exam"
Instructions: You must be logged into your Saylor Foundation School account in order to access this exam. If you do not yet have an account, you will be able to create one, free of charge, after clicking the link.See a broken link? Please let us know!
- Final Exam: The Saylor Foundation's "BIO101 Final Exam"
Questions? Consult the FAQ's!

